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Biology > C2: Basic Components Of Living Systems > Flashcards

C2: Basic Components Of Living Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification= image size / actual size

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2
Q

What is magnification?

A

How may times larger the image is compared to its actual size.

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3
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to see individual objects as separate entities.

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4
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

Using a beam of electrons with a wavelength of less than 1nm to illuminate a specimen.

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5
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope?

A
  1. Transmission electron microscope
  2. Scanning electron microscope
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6
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope?

A

A beam of electrons is transmitted THROUGH the specimen and focused to produce an image.
Has a resolving power of 0.5nm.

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7
Q

What is an scanning electron microscope?

A
  • A beam of electrons is sent across the surface of a specimen and the reflected electrons are collected.
  • Produces 3D image.
  • resolving power is 3-10nm.
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8
Q

What are 3 cons of electron microscopes?

A
  • colourless images
  • dead specimen
  • expensive
  • has to be viewed in a vacuum
  • needs lots of training
  • big so can’t be transported
  • require large amounts of electricity
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9
Q

What is laser confocal microscopy?

A

A type of light microscopy where the microscope moves a single spot of focused light across a specimen to produce an image.

  • the specimen is fluorescently stained
  • light is shone via a laser
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10
Q

What is the basic unit of all living things?

A

Cells

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11
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A single called organism with a simple structure

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12
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • double membrane called the nuclear envelope
  • envelope contains pores to allow molecules to enter & exit
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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the coded genetic information in the form of DNA molecules to direct the synthesis of all proteins required by the cell. (Controls metabolic activity )

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14
Q

What is the structure of the nucleolus?

A
  • composed of proteins and RNA to produce rRNA which is then used for the production of ribosomes
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15
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Area within the nucleus which is responsible for producing ribosomes.

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16
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane is folded to form CRISTAE
  • fluid interior called the matrix
  • inner membrane contains enzymes for respiration
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17
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

The site of the final stages of aerobic respiration where the energy stored in the bonds is made available for the cell to use for ATP production.

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18
Q

What is the structure and function of Vesicles?

A
  • Membranous sacs that have storage and transport roles.
  • single membrane filled with fluid.
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19
Q

What is the structure and function of lysosomes?

A
  • specialised forms of vesicles
  • contain hydrolyctic enzymes
  • break down waste material in cells
  • have a role in cell death (apoptosis)
20
Q

What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • present throughout the cytoplasm
  • network of filaments and fibres for shale and stability
  • controls cell movement
21
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • microfillaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate fibres
22
Q

Describe microfilaments.

A
  • contractile fibres formed from actin (protein)
  • responsible for cell movement and cell contraction (cytokinesis)
23
Q

Describe microtubules.

A
  • globular tubular proteins polymerised to form tubes
  • form a scaffold like structure that determines shape
  • acts as tracks for organelle movement
24
Q

Describe intermediate fibres.

A

Fibres which give mechanical strength to cells and help main integrity

25
Q

What is the structure and function of centrioles

A
  • Composed of microtubules
  • two associated centrioles form the centrosome
26
Q

What is the structure of cilia?

A
  • extensions
  • contains two central microtubules surrounded by nine pairs of microtubules arranged like a wheel
  • pairs of microtubules slide over each other causing the beating pattern
27
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A
  • can be mobile or stationary
  • mobile cilia beat in a rhythmic manner which creates a current
28
Q

What is the structure and function of flagella?

A
  • extensions
  • enable cells mobility
  • sometimes used as a sensory organelle for chemical changes
29
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum and what are the 2 types?

A

A
a network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae and is connected to the outer membrane of the nucleus.

B
- smooth
- rough

30
Q

Describe the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

31
Q

Describe the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has ribosomes bound to the surface responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins

32
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A
  • free floating or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
  • not membrane bound
  • constructed of RNA
33
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

34
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus.

A
  • compact structure formed of cisternae
  • modifies and packages proteins into vesicles
35
Q

Describe the steps of Protein production.

A
  1. nucleus contains DNA which gives instruction to make proteins.
  2. Nucleus manufacturers mRNA.
  3. Nucleolus produces ribosomes.
  4. mRNA transports the instructions to ribosomes through the nucleus pores.
  5. Ribosomes undergo protein synthesis and convert mRNA to proteins.
  6. Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins to …..
  7. The Golgi apparatus where the proteins are modified and is packaged into transport vesicles.
  8. Vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane where the protein is secreted.
36
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall?

A
  • composed of cellulose (carbohydrate)
  • freely permeable
  • rigid
37
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • shape
  • contents of the cell push against it making it rigid
  • supports the cell and whole plant
  • acts as a defence mechanism- protects contents from pathogens
38
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A
  • membrane lined sac
  • contains cell sap
  • the membrane is a tonoplast (selectively permeable)
39
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • maintain turgor
40
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplasts?

A
  • double membrane
  • contains fluid enclosed (stroma)
  • internal network of membranes which form flattened sacs (thylakoids)
  • several of these stacked are called granum which contain chlorophyll pigments
  • contain starch
41
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

42
Q

Define extremophilies

A

Cells adapted to living in extreme environments

43
Q

How is the DNA packaged in a prokaryotic cell different to a eukaryotic.

A
  • eukaryotic is in a nucleus

**Prokaryotes: **
. One molecule
. A chromosome supercoiled in a singular loop to make it more compact
. Genes grouped into operons
. This means groups of genes can be switched in and off at any time.

44
Q

Describe ribosomes in prokaryotes.

A
  • smaller than eukaryotes 70-80s
  • required for protein synthesis
45
Q

How is the cell wall in a prokaryote different to a eukaryote.

A

Eukaryote
- composed of cellulose

Prokaryote
- peptidoglycan
- complex polymer formed of amino acids and sugars

46
Q

Describe the flagella on a prokaryote.

A
  • thinner than a eukaryote
  • doesn’t have 9+2 arrangement
  • energy to move flagella comes from chemiosmosis

Biology (7 decks)

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