C2 - Acids & Bases, Making Ammonia

Question 1

What is ammonia?

Answer 1

An alkaline gas made from nitrogen and hydrogen

Question 2

What can ammonia be used to make?

Answer 2

Fertilizers and Nitric acid

Question 3

What type of reaction is that that makes ammonia?

Answer 3

A reversible reaction

Question 4

What process is used to make ammonia on a large scale?

Answer 4

The Haber process

Question 5

What are the reactants in the Haber process?

Answer 5

Nitrogen and hydrogen

Question 6

Show the symbol equation for the Haber process

Answer 6

N₂(g) + 3H₂⇌ 2NH₃

Question 7

Show the word equation for the Haber process

Answer 7

nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia

Question 8

Why aren’t optimum conditions for the Haber process used?

Answer 8

Because they’d be very expensive to maintain

Question 9

In the Haber process, what is the high pressure that the nitrogen and hydrogen is under?

Answer 9

200 atmospheres

Question 10

In the Haber process, what is the temperature of the iron catalyst that the gases are passed over?

Answer 10

450°C

Question 11

Around what percentage of the reactant gases in the Haber process make ammonia?

Answer 11

15%

Question 12

What happens to the unreacted gases in the Haber process?

Answer 12

They are recylced.

Question 13

What five things do the costs of making a new substance rely on?

Answer 13

The price of energy (gas and electricity), labour costs (wages for employees), how quickly the new substances can be made (cost of catalyst), the cost of starting materials (reactants), and the cost of equipment needed (plant and machinery)

Question 14

What are the five factors that affect the cost of making a new substance, and why?

Answer 14

The pressure- the higher the pressure, the higher the plant cost, the temperature- the higher the temperature, the higher the energy cost, the catalysts- catalysts can be expensive to buy, but production costs are reduced because they increase the rate of reaction, the number of people needed to operate machinery- automation reduces the wages bill, the amount of unreacted material that can be recycled- recycling reduces costs.

Question 15

What helps to determine the conditions used in the manufacture of chemicals?

Answer 15

Economic considerations

Question 16

In the manufacture of chemicals, what must the percentage yield achieved be?

Answer 16

High enough to produce enough daily yield of product

Question 17

In the manufacture of chemicals, what must the rate of reaction be?

Answer 17

High enough to produce enough daily yield of product

Question 18

In the manufacture of chemicals, why should the optimum conditions be used?

Answer 18

To give the most economical reaction

Question 19

In the Haber process, why isn’t a lower temperature (which increases yield) used?

Answer 19

Because the reaction is too slow

Question 20

In the Haber process, why isnt a higher pressure (which increases yield) used

Answer 20

Because it becomes more expensive as yield increases

Question 21

What role does the iron catalyst play in the Haber process?

Answer 21

It increases the rate of reaction, but doesn’t change the percentage yield

Question 22

What are indicators?

Answer 22

Chemicals that change colour to show changes in pH

Question 23

Give an example of an indicator that has only two colours

Answer 23

Litmus paper

Question 24

Give an example of an indicator that has a range of colours over different pH values

Answer 24

Universal indicator

Question 25

What are acids?

Answer 25

Substances that have a pH of less than 7

Question 26

What are bases?

Answer 26

The oxides and hydroxides of metals with a pH of more than 7

Question 27

What colour and pH is neutral

Answer 27

Green, 7

Question 28

What colour does acid turn litmus indicator?

Answer 28

Red

Question 29

What colour does a bases turn litmus indicator?

Answer 29

Blue

Question 30

What are alkalis?

Answer 30

Solid bases

Question 31

When bases are added to acids in the correct amounts, they can cancel each other out. What is this called?

Answer 31

Neutralisation

Question 32

acid + base —> ?

Answer 32

acid + base –> salt and water

Question 33

acid + carbonate –> ?

Answer 33

acid + carbonate –> salt+ water + carbon dioxide

Question 34

Acids can be neutralised by which two things?

Answer 34

Bases and carbonates

Question 35

Where does the first name of a salt come from?

Answer 35

The carbonate or base used

Question 36

What salt will sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid make?

Answer 36

sodium chloride

Question 37

Where does the second name of a salt come from?

Answer 37

The acid used

Question 38

What salt will copper oxide and sulfuric acid make?

Answer 38

copper sulfate

Question 39

What salt will calcium carbonate and nitric acid make?

Answer 39

calcium nitrate

Question 40

What salt will ammonia and phosphoric acid make?

Answer 40

ammonium phosphate

Question 41

What salt will potassium hydroxide and nitric acid make?

Answer 41

potassium nitrate

Question 42

What is the ionic equation used to describe neutralisation?

Answer 42

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) —–> H ₂O

Question 43

How is sodium hydroxide made during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution?

Answer 43

Chloride ions are attracted to the anode, and hydrogen ions are attracted to the cathose, so Na+ and OH- are left which makes sodium hydroxide