c1900-Present- Modern Britian Flashcards
what did mendel show during the 19th century?
how human characteristics could be passed between generations
what new technology was discovered in the 20th century?
electron microscopes
x-rays
who worked together to figure out how genetic codes of DNA fitted together?
James Watson and Francis Crick
what did Watson and Crick do?
discover how genetic codes of DNA fitted together
what was the human genome project?
where every gene in the human DNA was mapped
who led the human genome project? when?
James Watson in 1990
what did discovery of DNA and the work of the human genome project lead to?
better understanding of genetic conditions (e.g. down syndrome)
predicting weather individuals are at risk of developing cancer
discovery of stem cells
what things are lacking in the field of genetic conditions?
cure or effective treatment for most genetic conditions
prevention of most genetic diseases
what three lifestyle factors did people begin to understand the risks of?
smoking (cancer, heart disease)
alcohol (cancer, liver/kidney diseases)
diet (fat and sugar= cancer, heart disease)
improvements in diagnosis in 20th century
skin and blood tests
x-rays/ endoscopes
monitors
new technology advancements (8)
microscopes
x-rays
incubators
prosthetic limbs
Ct, ultrasound scans
insulin pumps
hypodermic needles
pacemakers
what did Behring discover
the body manufactures antitoxins that only attack the microbe causing a disease
who was the leader of the researches who searched for a magic bullet chemical
paul Ehrlich
what did a magic bullet do?
attack and kill the microbe causing a specific disease
what was Ehrlich’s team trying to find a cure for?
syphillis
which rejected compound was found to have actually worked?
Salvarsan 606
what was the chemical that was experimented with to make the first magic bullet?
salvarsan
when was salvarsan 606 discoverted?
1909, after Dr Hata joined the team
what was the second magic bullet for? when was it made?
blood poisoning, 1932
who discovered the second magic bullet?
Gerhard Domagk
what was the chemical compound used in the second magic bullet?
Prontosil
what did other scientists discover when checking Domagk’s work?
the main ingredient of prontosil was sulphonamide that cures pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis too
what types of surgery were developed?
keyhole and microsurgery
what is keyhole/micro surgery? what are its benefits?
use of tiny cameras and surgical instruments so:
surgeons can make small insicions instead of large cuts
reduce recovery time
make it possible to reattach nerves and blood vessels
what was the first antibiotic to be discovered?
penicillin
what was the benefit of discovering the structure of different antibiotics?
solved the problem of scientists having to grow them first in order to amend them to treat disease
what is the risk of antibiotic overuse?
super bacteria will evolve and become resistant to antibiotics
examples of high tech medical and surgical treatments (4)
radiotherapy/chemotherapy
kidney dialysis
fitting pacemakers
organ transplants
benefits of robotic surgery
carried out remotely by controlling robots through computers
more precise
what aspects of healthcare does tax fund?
seeing a GP
hospital care and operations
health visitors for pregnant women and kids
ambulences and emergency treatment
healthcare for elderly
benefits of the NHS
treatment entirely free
everyone treated equally
what are improvements that need to be made to ensure access to care
more NHS dentists
more doctors and hospitals in different parts of Britain
timeline of mas vaccinations
1942- diphtheria
1950- polio and whooping cough
1961- tetanus
1962- measles
1970- rubella
1988- MMR (measles, mumps and rubella)
2008- HPV
how many people died of diphtheria in 1938
3000
what did the diphtheria epidemic lead to?
government immunisation programme
action to prevent illness from government after 1948
funding
better rubbish diposal
laws to reduce air and water pollution
banned cigarettes advertising
laws to improve health and safety at work
health officers inspecting food outlets
what lifestyle warning campaigns do the government fund after 1948
smoking
binge-drinking
AIDS
Change4Life
what did alexander fleming notice that started the journey to the discovery of penicillin
bacteria in a petri dish was being killed by penicillin mould, he tested this a found it made a great antibiotic
why did fleming not continue research?
he didnt think it would work on living people so didnt ask for funding
who resumed the discovery of penicillin several years later?
Howard Florey and Ernst Chain
how did Florey and Chain test the mould?
on mice and then humans
drawbacks of using penicillin
mould is expensive, needs space and time consuming to grow
how was penicillin mass produced?
Florey asked factories to help but they were being used for war effort
Florey asked US drug companies to help but only did on a small scale
government saw the need for more penicillin so funded 21 companies to mass produce it
symptoms of lung cancer
persistent cough
coughing up blood
breathlessness
tiredness
weight loss
chest infections
how is lung cancer spotted in the body?
CT scan
how is lung cancer treated?
surgery to remove tumour or lung transplant
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
prevention of lung cancer (7)
cigerette ads banned
tobaco tax increased
smoking banned in public laces 2007
increased age to buy tobacco 16 to 18
funded campaigns to educate people
no public display of tobacco
cigarette packets warnings
