c1500-c1700- Renaissance

Question 1

what changed in ideas of the causes of disease in the renaissance (4)

Answer 1

fewer beliefs in supernatural or religious causes
new rational ideas arised
decline in influence of the church
more scientific approaches

Question 2

continuity in ideas on causes of disease in the renaissance (2)

Answer 2

• theory of miasma was still a particularly popular idea
• 4 humour theory was still accepted but by 1700 barely any physicians believed it

Question 3

by what time was the 4 humour idea not as accepted by physicians

Answer 3

1700s

Question 4

what impact did the weakened influence on the church have (3)

Answer 4

people begin to look for new explainations
less people believed God caused disease
Galens ideas were relied upon less

Question 5

how did they diagnosis of physicians change in the renaissance? (3)

Answer 5

• stopped using astrology charts as they were less believed
• knowledge of digestion meant urine charts were stopped
• more direct observations rather than relying on patient explainations

Question 6

Who was Thomas Sydenham

Answer 6

doctor in London in the 1660-70s

Question 7

what book did Thomas Sydenham write? when?

Answer 7

Observations Medicae 1676

Question 8

what did Sydenham believe about disease

Answer 8

it had nothing to do with the nature of the person who had it

Question 9

how did Sydenham go about treating dieases?

Answer 9

disease as a whole and didn’t treat individual symptoms

Question 10

who became known as “English Hippocrates” after he died?

Answer 10

Thomas Sydenham

Question 11

Who invented the printing press and when?

Answer 11

1440 by Gutenberg

Question 12

what did the printing press do?

Answer 12

make many exact copies of texts in a short amount of time

Question 13

how did the printing press work against the church?

Answer 13

the church could no longer prevent the publication of ideas it did not approve of

Question 14

what did the invention of the printing press mean for medical progress?

Answer 14

ideas and discoveries of scientists could be shared much more effectively and across a wider area

Question 15

what was the aim of the royal society?

Answer 15

to further scientific understanding by carrying out and recording the results of experiments to encourage new ideas

Question 16

what was the royal society’s journal called and when was it published?

Answer 16

Philisophical Transactions in 1665

Question 17

what did the publication of the royal societies journal mean for the medical community?

Answer 17

doctors and scientists could study, challenge and build on eachothers research. This way, theories could be dismissed or new ideas could spread quickly.

Question 18

which King was approved the royal society?

Answer 18

King Charles II

Question 19

what did the king grant to the royal society?

Answer 19

a royal charter (approval of sorts)

Question 20

how had hospitals changed by the 1500s?

Answer 20

they were being used to treat people and less for people to rest- most had their own apothecary and patients were frequently visited by a physician

Question 21

what event caused most hospitals to close?

Answer 21

dissolution of the monasteries in England by Henry VIII

Question 22

when was the dissolution of the monasteries in england?

Answer 22

1536

Question 23

when were hospitals restored to their previous amount after the dissolution?

Answer 23

well into the 1700s

Question 24

what type of hospital began to appear more?

Answer 24

pest houses

Question 25

what was a pest house?

Answer 25

hospital where people with specific contageous diseases went for care

Question 26

who ran hospitals instead of the church when they reappered?

Answer 26

physicians

Question 27

how did community care change or stay the same in the renaissance? (2)

Answer 27

still many being cared for at home members of the community (usually women) would help and make remedies and were sometimes paid

Question 28

what were the continuing treatments and preventions in the renaissance? (5)

Answer 28

traditional herb remedies bleeding and purging cleanliness prayer healthy lifestyle

Question 29

what were the changes in prevention and treatment in the renaissance? (5)

Answer 29

- more emphasis on removing miasma - people regularly changed their clothes - new herbal remedies from newly discovered countries - transference theory - alchemy made chemical cures with metals more popular

Question 30

lack of change in the renaissance (3)

Answer 30

ideas were slow to be accepted no direct use in improving treatment or prevention no further understanding of cause of disease

Question 31

continuity in training for apothecaries and surgeins

Answer 31

still no uni training and concidered inferior to physicians and were cheaper

Question 32

change in training for apothecaries and surgeons (2)

Answer 32

better trained through guild systems where they went through different ranks to become masters a liscense was needed for these jobs after training was completed

Question 33

continuity in physicians (2)

Answer 33

still trained at uni for many years trained based on textbooks rather than experience

Question 34

change for physicians (3)

Answer 34

- better access to more medical books due to printing press - new ideas about anatomy inspire some physicians to become more experimental - dissection was legslised but it took time to become more common

Question 35

who was Andreas Vesalius and why was he impactful?

Answer 35

studied medicine in paris 1533 then became a professor of surgery at Padua in Italy. His many disections meant many new discoveries were made

Question 36

what was the name of Vesalius' book? published in?

Answer 36

on the fabric of the human body in 1543

Question 37

what was the importance of Vesalius? (5)

Answer 37

- improved understanding on human body - made the study of anatomy fashionable - proved Galens theories wrong - encouraged and inspired others - work was widely published in Europe with detailed illustrations

Question 38

when was the great plague?

Answer 38

1665

Question 39

what did people believe caused the great plague? (3)

Answer 39

misma was the most common theory far fewer beliefes in the 4 humours people knew disease could be passed from person to person

Question 40

how similar/ different were the believes about the causes pf the black death and great plague?

Answer 40

quite similar

Question 41

new treatments for the great plague

Answer 41

transference- trying to transfer the disease to something else like a chicken sweating the disease out

Question 42

how did they prevent the great plague from occuring?

Answer 42

quarentine moving the air cleaning streets not letting outsiders in carying hebs

Question 43

how did plague doctors prevent themselves catching the disease

Answer 43

they wore costumes with masks stuffed with sweet smelling herbs to prevent miasma a beak mask was used to get the disease out of the patient as it was believed birds attracted disease

Question 44

government action to prevent spread (7)

Answer 44

- large gatherings banned - dogs and cats killed - streets regularly cleaned - barrels of tar burned - carts collected the dead each day - family quarentined for 40 days if a member caught plague - days of fasting and prayer ordered

Question 45

Who was Willam Harvey?

Answer 45

studied at Padua and became a lecturer of anatomy in London was one of James I's doctors

Question 46

what did Harvey teach?

Answer 46

the importance of doctors observing and recording patients symptoms rather than relying on textbooks for diagnosis and treatment

Question 47

what was Harvey's main discovery?

Answer 47

process of blood circulation

Question 48

how did Harvey discover the circulation of blood?

Answer 48

researched Versalius's theory that blood flowed towards the heart and proved he was right using disected bodies and pumps to show blood only went one way then proved blood was not produced from the liver as Galen had thought

Question 49

wjat influenced harvey in his new discovery of blood flow?

Answer 49

new technology such as mechanical water pumps which made him wonder if the body was the same

Question 50

what did Harvey discover about veins and arteries?

Answer 50

they were part of one system that pumped blood around the body by the heart

Question 51

why was harvey so important? (5)

Answer 51

proved Galen wrong improved medical knowledge and passed it on as his theories were then taught in medical schools he inspired others his methods of observation got results so were copied by others his discoveries left questions for others to rise up and answer