c1500-c1700- Renaissance Flashcards
what changed in ideas on the causes of diseasze in the renaissance (4)
fewer beliefs in supernatural or religious causes
new rational ideas arised
decline in influence of the church
more scientific approaches
continuity in ideas on causes of disease in the renaissance
theory of miasma was still a particularly popular idea
4 humour theory was still accepted but by 1700 barely any physicians believed it
by what time was the 4 humour idea not as accepted by physicians
1700s
what impact did the weakened influence on the church have (3)
people begin to look for new explainations
less people believed God caused disease
Galens ideas were relied upon less
how did they diagnosis of physicians change? (3)
stopped using astrology charts as they were less believed
knowledge of digestion meant urine charts were stopped
more direct observations rather than relying on patient explainations
Who was Thomas Sydenham
doctor in London in the 1660-70s
what book did Thomas Sydenham write? when?
Observations Medicae 1676
what did Sydenham believe about disease
it had nothing to do with the nature of the person who had it
how did Sydenham go about treating dieases?
disease as a whole and didn’t treat individual symptoms
what did he become known as after he died?
English Hippocrates
Who invented the printing press and when?
1440 by Gutenberg
what did the printing press do?
make many exact copies of texts in a short amount of time
how did the printing press work against the church?
the church could no longer prevent the publication of ideas it did not approve of
what did the invention of the printing press mean for medical progress?
ideas and discoveries of scientists could be shared much more effectively and across a wider area
what was the aim of the royal society?
to further scientific understanding by carrying out and recording the results of experiments to encourage new ideas
what was the royal society’s journal called and when was it published?
Philisophical Transactions in 1665
what did the publication of the royal societies journal mean for the medical community?
doctors and scientists could study, challenge and build on eachothers research. This way, theories could be dismissed or new ideas could spread quickly.
which King was approved the royal society?
King Charles II
what did the king grant to the royal society?
a royal charter (approval of sorts)
how had hospitals changed by the 1500s?
they were being used to treat people and less for people to rest- most had their own apothecary and patients were frequently visited by a physician
what event caused most hospitals to close?
dissolution of the monasteries in England by Henry VIII
when was the dissolution of the monasteries in england?
1536
when were hospitals restored to their previous amount after the dissolution?
well into the 1700s
what type of hospital began to appear more?
pest houses
what was a pest house?
hospital where people with specific contageous diseases went for care
who ran hospitals instead of the church when they reappered?
physicians
how did community care change or stay the same in the renaissance? (2)
still many being cared for at home
members of the community (usually women) would help and make remedies and were sometimes paid
what were the continuing treatments and preventions? (5)
traditional herb remedies
bleeding and purging
cleanliness
prayer
healthy lifestyle
what were the changes in prevention and treatment? (4)
more emphasis on removing miasma
people regularly changed their clothes
new herbal remedies from newly discovered countries
transference theory
alchemy made chemical cures with metals more popular
lack of change in the renaissance (3)
ideas were slow to be accepted
no direct use in improving treatment or prevention
no further understanding of cause of disease
continuity in training for apothecaries and surgeins
still no uni training and concidered inferior to physicians and were cheaper
change in training for apothecaries and surgeons (2)
better trained through guild systems where they went through different ranks to become masters
a liscense was needed for these jobs after training was completed
continuity in physicians (2)
still trained at uni for many years
trained based on textbooks rather than experience
change for physicians (3)
better access to more medical books due to printing press
new ideas about anatomy inspire some physicians to become more experimental
dissection was legslised but it took time to become more common
who was Andreas Vesalius and why was he impactful?
studied medicine in paris 1533 then became a professor of surgery at Padua in Italy. His many disections meant many new discoveries were made
what was the name of Vesalius’ book? published in?
on the fabric of the human body in 1543
what was the importance of Vesalius? (5)
improved understanding on human body
made the study of anatomy fashionable
proved Galens theories wrong
encouraged and inspired others
work was widely published in Europe with detailed illustrations
when was the great plague?
1665
what did people believe caused the great plague? (3)
misma was the most common theory
far fewer beliefes in the 4 humours
people knew disease could be passed from person to person
how similar/ different were the believes about the causes pf the black death and great plague?
quite similar
new treatments for the great plague
transference- trying to transfer the disease to something else like a chicken
sweating the disease out
how did they prevent the great plague from occuring?
quarentine
moving the air
cleaning streets
not letting outsiders in
carying hebs
how did plague doctors prevent themselves catching the disease
they wore costumes with masks stuffed with sweet smelling herbs to prevent miasma
a beak mask was used to get the disease out of the patient as it was believed birds attracted disease
government action to prevent spread (7)
large gatherings banned
dogs and cats killed
streets regularly cleaned
barrels of tar burned
carts collected the dead each day
family quarentined for 40 days if a member caught plague
days of fasting and prayer ordered
Who was Willam Harvey?
studied at Padua and became a lecturer of anatomy in London
was one of James I’s doctors
what did Harvey teach?
the importance of doctors observing and recording patients symptoms rather than relying on textbooks for diagnosis and treatment
what was Harvey’s main discovery?
process of blood circulation
how did Harvey discover the circulation of blood?
researched Versalius’s theory that blood flowed towards the heart and proved he was right using disected bodies and pumps to show blood only went one way
then proved blood was not produced from the liver as Galen had thought
wjat influenced harvey in his new discovery of blood flow?
new technology such as mechanical water pumps which made him wonder if the body was the same
what did Harvey discover about veins and arteries?
they were part of one system that pumped blood around the body by the heart
why was harvey so important? (5)
proved Galen wrong
improved medical knowledge and passed it on as his theories were then taught in medical schools
he inspired others
his methods of observation got results so were copied by others
his discoveries left questions for others to rise up and answer
