c1700-c1900- 18th and 19th Century

Question 1

Continuity in theory of causes of disease in the 18th-19th century

Answer 1

miasma is most popular idea
few new ideas about causes of disease in the 18th century

Question 2

change in theory of causes of disease in the 18th-19th century (4)

Answer 2

spontaneous generation
miasma becoming a less popular theory
germ theory
microbes

Question 3

who published their germ theory in 1861?

Answer 3

Louis Pasteur

Question 4

what did Pasteur prove?(3)

Answer 4

• spontaneous generation is false
• proved that germs in the air cause decay while investigating why liquids turn sour for the brewing industry
• unable to prove germs caused disease but theorised it

Question 5

what did Robert Koch prove?

Answer 5

germ theory was right by building on Pasteur’s work

Question 6

what 2 microbes did Koch discover? when?

Answer 6

the ones that caused TB in 1882 and Cholera in 1883

Question 7

what experiments with bacteria did Koch develop?

Answer 7

growing it on agar jelly and staining bacteria

Question 8

what was Pasteur’s influence on medicine in Britain?

Answer 8

small impact to begin with since he wasnt a doctor and focused on food and drink.

Question 9

Koch’s impact on medicine in Britain

Answer 9

more effect than Pasteur
inspired others to research microbes
didnt fully have an impact as it took a while for doctors to accept germ theory

Question 10

which nursing school did Florence Nightingale attend?

Answer 10

first nurses training school in Kaiserwerth hospital, Germany

Question 11

which war did Nightingale get asked to lead a team of nurses?

Answer 11

crimean war 1854-56

Question 12

what did Nightingale believe caused disease? how did this affect her approach?

Answer 12

miasma, so she emphasised hygiene and fresh air

Question 13

how did Nightingale impact the conditions of hospitals?

Answer 13

greatly improved the conditions due to her beliefs in miasma- everything was kept fresh

Question 14

how did Nightingale benefit future generations of nurses?

Answer 14

published books on nursing and hospital organisation and set up a training school for nurses/ midwives

Question 15

changes in hospital care in 1856 (4)

Answer 15

• new hospitals opened
• middle and upper classes could affort to be treated at home by a doctor
• elderly, sick, poor were forced to go to work houses
• tried to create a home atmosphere- visitors help nurses look after patients

Question 16

changes in hospital care in 1875 (6)

Answer 16

• organisation improved
• training was better
• germ theory= better hygiene
• nurses given a more central role
• infirmaries for poor set up under public pressure
• specialist hospitals (asylums etc.) developed

Question 17

what were the three main problems that made surgery so dangerous?

Answer 17

blood loss
pain
infection

Question 18

what anaesthetics did they use before 1800? success?

Answer 18

alcohol and opium, little success

Question 19

list of anaesthetics throughout the 1800s (5)

Answer 19

before 1800- alcohol, opium
1844- laughing gas
1846- ether
1847- chloroform
1884- cocaine

Question 20

evaluate laughing gas as an anaesthetic?

Answer 20

failed to ease all pain and patients remained conscious

Question 21

evaluate ether as an anaesthetic?

Answer 21

totally unconscious
long lasting
cough during operations
ill afterwards
very flammable

Question 22

evaluate chloroform as an anaesthetic?

Answer 22

very effective
few side effects
difficult to get correct dose
could kill some

Question 23

evaluate cocaine as an anaesthetic

Answer 23

first local anaesthetic
less addictive version (novocaine) used as a general anaesthetic in 1905

Question 24

who discovered chloroform?

Answer 24

James Simpson

Question 25

what was the opposition to anaesthetics

Answer 25

worry about long term effects thought being unconscious meant higher death risk wrong to interfere with gods plan long time to accept germ theory

Question 26

antiseptic development timeline

Answer 26

1861- half the patients in surgery die from postoperative infections 1864- Lister reads Pasteur's germ theory and learns from it 1865- lister soaks bandages in carbolic acid to avoid infection in wounds 1866- lister uses carbolic acid to clean wounds and equipment and invents a spray to kill germs 1867- states his wards have been free from infection and publishes ideas 1877- lister becomes professor of surgery at Kings College hospital

Question 27

what did Lister use to clean wouds?

Answer 27

Carbolic acid

Question 28

where did Lister become the professor of surgery?

Answer 28

kings college, london

Question 29

what did Lister invent to kill germs in the air?

Answer 29

a spray

Question 30

impact of listers ideas

Answer 30

by 1900, all hospitals were thoroughly cleaned using aseptic techniques, sterile clothing and instruments were used

Question 31

impact of anaesthetic and antiseptics

Answer 31

surgery= pain free surgeons could take time and be careful complex surgery becomes possible death rate decreased hugely aseptic surgery was possible

Question 32

who developed vaccines?

Answer 32

Louis Pasteur

Question 33

how were vaccines created?

Answer 33

Pasteur + team worked out that a weakened version of disease could be used to create immunity

Question 34

what diseases did pasteur create vaccines for?

Answer 34

anthrax, chicken cholera (for animals), rabies (humans)

Question 35

impacts of Pasteurs vaccines

Answer 35

encourage other scientists to develop vaccines

Question 36

reasons for the 1875 public health act

Answer 36

government attitude changed after epidemics science that poor living conditions contributed to illness government wanting the vote

Question 37

what was on the public health act?

Answer 37

city authorities must provide: clean water sewers public toilets street lights public parks and: inspect houses for cleanliness monitor building of houses to prevent overcrowding check food quality employ public officer of health to monitor disease

Question 38

where did Edwaerd Jenner first work?

Answer 38

St George's hospital

Question 39

where did Jenner make his discovery?

Answer 39

gloucestershire

Question 40

who were the main tagrets of smallpox?

Answer 40

children

Question 41

what did survivors of smallpox have?

Answer 41

nasty scars

Question 42

why was inoculating not very effective

Answer 42

the disease could still kill only rich could afford it

Question 43

how did Jenner discover that vaccines could work?

Answer 43

people that had previously been infected with cowpox didnt catch smallpox

Question 44

how did jenner record his findings? when?

Answer 44

in "An enquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine" as the royal society refused to publish it themselves in 1798 they were a set of instructions others could follow

Question 45

how man people had been vaccinated in 1800 worldwide?

Answer 45

100000

Question 46

what was set up to promote vaccination?

Answer 46

royal jennerian society

Question 47

how many British people has been vaccinated in 1804?

Answer 47

12000

Question 48

how much did vaccines cost for the poor in 1840

Answer 48

nothing- they were made free

Question 49

when did vaccines become compulsory?

Answer 49

1853

Question 50

what was announced by the World Health Organisation (who) later in the 1900s?

Answer 50

smallpox had been wiped out

Question 51

what were the pros of jenners work?

Answer 51

saved millions of lives science could get rid of disease encouraged others

Question 52

cons of jenners work

Answer 52

didnt know why it worked link between smallpox and cowpox was unique so didnt apply to other illnesses other diseases still killed people

Question 53

oppositions to jenner's work

Answer 53

wrong to give people an animal's disease interfered with gods plan doctors lost money when vaccines were made free some doctors didnt vaccine properly so it didnt work

Question 54

when were the first, second + third cholera outbreaks in Britain?

Answer 54

1831, 1848,1854

Question 55

how did the government prevent cholera?

Answer 55

keep homes clean, streets clean, tried to have clean water supplies but that was not compulsory so not many places complied

Question 56

what did the people believbe was the cause of cholera?

Answer 56

spontaneous generation and miasma

Question 57

where did cholera effect most

Answer 57

poor places and slum areas

Question 58

what were the symptoms of cholera

Answer 58

severe diarrhoea & vomiting which led to dehydration

Question 59

what was john snows cholera speculation?

Answer 59

it was spread through contaminated drinking water

Question 60

which cholera outbreak did snow work during?

Answer 60

1854 (3rd)

Question 61

how did snow figure out the cause of cholera?

Answer 61

mapped deaths and found a strong link to one water pump

Question 62

what did snow do to test his contaminated water theory?

Answer 62

removed the pump handle so no one could collect water from it and the number of deaths fell dramatically

Question 63

what was discovered later that proved Snows theories?

Answer 63

a cesspit near the well leaking waste into the water

Question 64

/how was snows theory recieved

Answer 64

many didnt believe it as he had no scientific evidence and the germ theory wasnt recognised yet so the government didnt act on it

Question 65

snows long term effect

Answer 65

new sewer system built, completed in 1875 helped people link dirty water and disease and led to public health act making clean water compulsory, also in 1875

Question 66

when did snow present his findings to the government?

Answer 66

1855