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Chemistry GCSE > C16-17 FUELS AND ATOMOSPHERE > Flashcards

C16-17 FUELS AND ATOMOSPHERE Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

a compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

crude oil

A

a thick brown liquid made of a mixture of many different hydrocarbons found in deposits underground

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3
Q

molecules in crude oil

A

hydrocarbons in many different forms with carbons joined together into both chain - and ring - shaped molecules

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4
Q

properties of hydrocarbons in crude oil

A

most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are liquids , but each of them has a different boiling point

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5
Q

hydrocarbons in crude oil

A

mostly alkanes

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6
Q

uses of crude oil

A

fuel , feedstock , for the chemical industry

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7
Q

crude oil as a finite resources

A

there is a limited amount : at some point it will run out

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8
Q

non-renewable

A

a resource that will eventually run out

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9
Q

fractional distaltion

A

a type of distillation used to separate mixtures of two or more liquids

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10
Q

separation in fractional distillation

A

fractional distillation separate compounds according to their boiling point

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11
Q

heating crude oil

A

crude oil is passed through a heater to heat it to about 400oC so that nearly everything is a gas

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12
Q

separating crude oil in a fractionalising column

A

the hot gases rise up the fractionalising column until cool enough to condense

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13
Q

fractions of crude oil

A

the separated liquids and gases collected at different temperatures . the main ones are gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil and bitumen

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14
Q

fraction in order

A 
gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel , bitumen 
smallest to baddest molecule 
lowest to highest boiling point 
lowest to highest viscosity 
easiest to hardest ignition
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15
Q

viscosity

A

how easily a fluid flows =- higher viscosity = runnier

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16
Q

ease of ignition

A

how easily a substance catches fire

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17
Q

gases

A

used for domestic heating and cooking

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18
Q

petrol

A

used as a fuel for cars

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19
Q

kerosene

A

fuel for aircraft

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20
Q

diesel oil

A

fuel for larger vehicles such as lorries and trains

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21
Q

fuel oil

A

fuel for ships and power stations

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22
Q

bitumen

A

surfacing roads and roofs

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23
Q

homologous series

A

a family of closely related compounds with molecular formulae that differ only in the number of H2’s

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24
Q

physical properties in a homologous series

A

vary gradually, for example the boiling point gradually increases

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25
Q

chemical properties in a homologous series

A

very similar with a gradual variation

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26
Q

general formula

A

describes the number of each atom in any member of a homologous series

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27
Q

alkanes

A

hydrocarbons containing only single bonds. the names end with ane

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28
Q

first three alkanes

A

methane CH4
ethane C2H6
propane C3H8

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29
Q

general formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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30
Q

combustion

A

when a compound reacts with oxygen producing a flame

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31
Q

complete combustion

A

combustion that produces only water and carbon dioxide and releases the most possible energy

32
Q

complete combustion equation

A

fuel + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water

33
Q

incomplete combustion

A

combustion that produces a mixture of carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide, carbon and water and produces less energy

34
Q

why incomplete combustion happens

A

where there is not enough oxygen for all of the reactants to be fully oxidised

35
Q

carbon monoxide

A

CO. A colourless odourless a highly toxic gas

36
Q

how carbon monoxide kills

A

it sticks to haemoglobin in he blood which prevents it from carrying oxygen

37
Q

soot

A

the small particles of carbon produced by incomplete combustion

38
Q

problems with soot

A

causes lung problems when breathed in

blackens and dirties buildings

39
Q

preventing incomplete combustion

A

it is important that boilers at home have a good air supply to prevent incomplete combustion. for this reason a boilers flue pipe should be checked for blockages every year

40
Q

sulfur

A

an impurity that is naturally present in small amounts in oil an coal

41
Q

sulfur dioxide

A

S02 A gas formed from the sulphur in oil and coal when it is burnt

42
Q

acid rain

A

rain with a pH lower Han 5.2

43
Q

formation of acid rain

A

sulfur dioxide dissolves in water in clouds to form sulphurous acid H2SO3 which oxidises to become sulphuric acid H2SO4

44
Q

nitrogen oxidises

A

NOx various gases formed at high temperatures inside internal combustion engines

45
Q

problems of nitrogen oxides

A

can dissolve in clouds to form acid rain
no2 causes lung damage
noX can cause smog to form

46
Q

cracking

A

breaking down longer less useful hydrocarbons into shorter more useful ones

47
Q

how to crack hydrocarbons

A

heat the hydrocarbons and pass the vapours over an aluminium oxide catalyst heated to 650

48
Q

products of cracking an alkane

A

an alkane and an alkene

C6H14 - C4H10+C2H4

49
Q

alkene

A

A hydrocarbon containing a C=C double bond

50
Q

usefulness of cracking

A

there is more demand for shorter hydrocarbons - such as petrol and gas - than longer ones such as bitumen . cracking turns the less useful ones into more useful one

51
Q

hydrogen gas as a fuel

A

H2 hydrogen has the potential to be used as a fuel for cars

52
Q

advantages of hydrogen as a fuel

A

it only produces H2O when burnt so does not directly contribute to global warming
it can be produced using renewable energy

53
Q

disadvantages of hydrogen as a fuel

A

most of its currently produced in ways that also produced in ways that also produce CO2 which contributes to global warming
it is difficult to store

54
Q

the early earth

A

4.5-3.5 billion years ago the earth was extremely hot and there were many volcanoes

55
Q

the early atmosphere

A

little or no oxygen a lot of carbon dioxide , water vapour , small amounts of other gases such as nitrogen

56
Q

origin of the early atmosphere

A

gases from volcanoes

57
Q

evidence for a lack of oxygen

A

the oldest rocks on earth contain compounds such as iron pyrite that cannot form in the presence of oxygen

58
Q

formation of the oceans

A

as the earth cooled, water vapour in the air condensed to liquid water, forming the oceans

59
Q

changes to the atomsphere

A

the amount of carbon dioxide decreased , water vapour decreased , oxygen increased

60
Q

photosynthesis and the atmosphere

A

photosynthesis - by - cyanobacteria and plants - consumes carbon dioxide (decreasing it)and produces oxygen (increasing it)

61
Q

oceans and carbon dioxide

A

carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean and is used by sea creatures to make their shells, enabling even more CO2 to dissolve

62
Q

test for oxygen

A

a glowing slant (stick) placed in oxygen will relight

63
Q

greenhouse effect

A

infrared radiation (heat0 from the sun travels though the atmosphere and warms the ground the ground re-emits slightly different infrared radiation that is not able to pass back through the atmosphere and is trapped by gases called greenhouse gases

64
Q

greenhouse gases

A

gases that trap re-emitted infrared radiation - including carbon dioxide , methane and water vapour

65
Q

importance of the greenhouse effect

A

the greenhouse effect is extremely important : without it the average global temperature would be 32oC lower and most life could not exist

66
Q

increased greenhouse effect

A

human activities are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane , meaning the greenhouse effect is strong and traps more heat

67
Q

global warming

A

an increased in global temperatures caused by the increased greenhouse effect

68
Q

climate change

A

change in global weather patterns caused by global warming

69
Q

correlation between carbon dioxide and temperature

A

in earths history , every time CO2 concentrations have been high , the temperature has also been high
this makes scientists think that the current increase in CO2 is what is increasing the temperature

70
Q

uncertainty in the data

A

scientists measurements of past temperature and co2 are not perfect which makes some people doubt them. however, many different sets of data say similar things, so most scientists believe them

71
Q

two man causes of climate change

A

carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels

methane produced by farming

72
Q

effects of climate change

A

rising average global temperature
increased sea levels from melting ice
increased drought in some areas and flooding in others
increase in dangerous weather

73
Q

effect of climate change on life

A

living organisms are adapted to the conditions where they live. if these conditions change they may struggle to survive. climate change is causing many species to struggle and some to go extinct

74
Q

ocean acidification

A

the carbon dioxide we produce dissolves in the oceans, lowering the pH making it harder for many sea-creatures to build their shells

75
Q

limiting climate change

A

reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases by using renewable energy and eating less meat
geoengineering - perhpas placing giant mirrors in space to reflect some of the suns heat

Chemistry GCSE (8 decks)

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