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GCSE Warfare and British Society, c1250-present > c1250-c1500 > Flashcards

c1250-c1500 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many soldiers did armies usually have in 1250-1500?

A

5,000-10,000

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2
Q

Describe the cavalry’s mounted charge

A

Charging through enemy lines to kill enemy commander

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3
Q

Describe the cavalry’s rout and chase

A

Scatter enemy infantry and kill them once dispersed

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4
Q

Describe the infantry’s shield wall

A

Overlapped shields and spears/pikes to hold enemy attacks

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5
Q

Was a commander’s combat experience important in the feudal system? Why?

A

No because feudal system focused on social status rather than skill in fighting

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6
Q

When was the longbow introduced in English armies?

A

1290s

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7
Q

Why longbows over crossbows (3 points)?

A

15 arrows a minute - 5 times more than crossbow
Increased power
Effective range of 200 m - twice that of crossbows

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8
Q

Who used schiltrons?

A

The Scots under William Wallace

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9
Q

What were schiltrons?

A

Tight formations of infantry gathered in a circle or square with pikes facing outward toward enemy

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10
Q

When was the cannon introduced to battle?

A

Around 1450

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11
Q

2 advantages of the cannon

A

Useful in destroying castle walls

Specialist cannons developed that could launch cannon balls over longer distances

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12
Q

2 limitations of the cannon

A

Heavy to transport

Slow to reload

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13
Q

2 reasons why there was a decline of the mounted knight over this period?

A

Longbow penetrated armour and took down knights and their horses
Schiltrons defeated cavalry

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14
Q

What was the feudal levy?

A

Tenants owed their lords a set number of knights, whom owed 40 days of service, depending on how much land the tenant owned

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15
Q

What was the Assize of Arms?

A

A tax on wealth, requiring all men with land to provide a number of equipped knights

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16
Q

What was scutage?

A

‘Shield money’ paid to the king to hire mercenaries instead of providing them

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17
Q

What were the Royal Household?

A

Permanent troops paid by the king as his personal guard

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18
Q

Why did feudal levy and Assize of Arms fall after 1340s?

A

Infantry began to be paid to their service

19
Q

Why did demand for provisions increase in the period 1250-1500? (2 points)

A

More infantrymen to feed as they began to be paid for their service
More horses needed to be fed - each mounted knight took four

20
Q

How did provisioning change in 1250-1500? (2 points)

A

Weapon stores were built up to meet increased weapon demand

Requisitioning was introduced

21
Q

What was requisitioning?

A

The Crown forced merchants to sell goods to provide ships in order to supply their baggage trains

22
Q

Why was training unorganised in early 1250-1500? (2 points)

A

No group training for mounted knights - they learned skills from tournaments
Kings relied on nobility and close relatives to lead armies - not based on profession, but role

23
Q

How did training change in period 1250-1500? (2 points)

HINT: LONGBOW

A

In 1285, Statue of Winchester set up archery targets in every town
In 1363, Edward II ordered archery practice on every feast/holiday

24
Q

How did feudal recruitment affect civilians? (2 points)

A

Civilians forced to fight by the king - time away from family and home and risk of injury
Civilians increasingly chose to pay money instead of fighting - poorer

25
Q

What was purveyance?

A

Food and supplies bought by force from civilians

26
Q

How did requisitioning affect civilians? (2 points)

A

Less food and supplies and out of pocket to the crown

27
Q

What were some benefits of warfare for civilians? (2 points)

A

Pay in the army was better than on land

Demand for weaponry and supplies boosted industry and gave employment

28
Q

How were enemy civilians affected in wars?

A

Plunder (stealing supplies) caused enemy civilians to starve

Ransom (money) was demanded from enemy civilians

29
Q

When was the Battle of Falkirk?

A

July 1298

30
Q

Who were the two sides in the Battle of Falkirk and who won?

A

English, Edward I, vs the Scots, William Wallace

The English won

31
Q

How did the longbow influence the English victory in the Battle of Falkirk?

A

Edward used his 5,000 longbows to break Scottish schiltrons from above, causing gaps which were charged by English cavalry

32
Q

How many troops did each side have in the Battle of Falkirk?

A

English had 14,000 and Scottish had 10,000

33
Q

Good decisions from Edward I in Battle of Falkirk? (2 points)

A

Using 5,000 archers against Scottish schiltrons

Evading Wallace to attack from the flanks

34
Q

Bad decisions from Wallace in Battle of Falkirk? (2 points)

A

Failing to protect his flanks

Deciding to fight with inferior numbers

35
Q

When was the Battle of Agincourt?

A

1415

36
Q

Who were the two sides in the Battle of Agincourt and who won?

A

English, Henry V, vs the French

The English won

37
Q

How many troops did each side have in the Battle of Agincourt?

A

English had 8,000 and French had 15,000

38
Q

Role of infantry and cavalry in Battle of Agincourt

A

As the English infantry advanced, the French cavalry were forced to retreat. As they retreated, they met their own advancing infantry

39
Q

Role of archers in the Battle of Agincourt

A

English archers fired longbows directly onto French cavalry from the flanks

40
Q

Why was Henry V’s choice of battleground good in the Battle of Agincourt? (2 points)

A

Heavy, wet clay separated the two forces - hard for French cavalry to pass
English archers used the woodlands as cover to fire and French

41
Q

Good decisions of Henry V in the Battle of Agincourt? (2 points)

A

He chose excellent defensive position - with woodland to cover his flanks
He sent archers to provoke the French into attacking over unfavourable ground

42
Q

How did French chivalry influence their loss in the Battle of Agincourt?

A

French knights were outraged at being attacked by archers from the sides - they believed it to be ‘unchivalrous’ and reacted recklessly

43
Q

Ratio of Infantry to Cavalry in c1250-c1500?

A

About 2:1

GCSE Warfare and British Society, c1250-present (4 decks)

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