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Biology 126 > C.12 - Mitosis > Flashcards

C.12 - Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Division: Unicellular Organisms

A

Division of one cell reproduces the entire organism

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2
Q

Cell Division: Multicellular Organisms

A

Depends on cell division for growth, development, and repair

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3
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The life of a cell from formation to its own division

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4
Q

Genome

A

A cell’s endowment of DNA (its genetic information).
Can consist of a single DNA molecule (common in prokaryotic cells), or several DNA molecules (common in eukaryotic cells)

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division and forms chromosomes

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6
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Non-reproductive cells that have two sets of chromosomes (2 × 23 = 46 total)

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7
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells: sperm and eggs. Have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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8
Q

Centromere

A

The narrow ‘waist’ of the duplicated chromosome; where the two sister chromatids are most closely attached though cohesion proteins

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of the genetic material in the nucleus

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces Gametes; yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell

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12
Q

Cell Cycle Phases

A
  • Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

- Interphase (cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for cell division; 90% of cycle)

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13
Q

Interphase Subphases

A
  • G1 phase (‘first gap’)
  • S phase (DNA ‘synthesis’; where chromosomes are duplicated)
  • G2 phase (‘second gap’)
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14
Q

Five stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase•Prometaphase•Metaphase•Anaphase•Telophase

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15
Q

Interphase (G2)

A

Nucleus: Envelope is intact; Nucleolus is present
Chromosomes: Replicated; Not yet condensed Centrosome: Two centrosomes, each containing two centrioles (cylinder of microtubule triplets)

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16
Q

Prophase

A
  • Nucleus: Nucleoli disappear; Envelope intact
  • Chromosomes: Begin to condense; Sister chromatids visible
  • Centrosomes: Begin moving to opposite poles; Begin forming mitotic spindle
17
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Nucleus: Envelope degenerates
  • Chromosomes: Highly condensed; Interacting with microtubules (mt); Kinetichore appears (proteins that attach centromeres to mts)
  • Centrosomes: Extend mt to attach to chromosomes (kinetichore mt)–Extend mt to interact with other mt (non-kinetichore mt)
18
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Nucleus: No evidence
  • Chromosomes: Line up on metaphase plate -Centrosomes: At opposite poles; Mt form ‘spindle apparatus’; Kinetichore mt (from each pole) interact with kinetichores (on sister chromatids); Non-kinetichore mt interact with mt from opposite pole
19
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Nucleus: No evidence
  • Chromosomes: Sister chromatids pull apart (separate into two chromosomes); Centromeres lead the way
  • Centrosomes: At opposite poles; Kinetichore mt shorten; Non-kinetichore mt lengthen
20
Q

Telophase; Cytokinesis

A
  • Nucleus: Two daughter nuclei begin to form; Envelope rebuilds; Nucleolus reforms
  • Chromosomes: Decondense
  • Centrosomes: One per daughter cell
  • Cytoplasm: Formation of cleavage furrow pinches cell in two
21
Q

Kinetochores

A

Protein complexes that form in association with the centromeres of chromosome

22
Q

Cytokinesis: Plant vs. Animal

A

Animal: Forms Cleavage furrow
Plant: Cell plate forms

23
Q

Binary Fission

A

How Prokaryotes reproduce.
Chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart. The plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two

24
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

Directs sequential events of the cell cycle.
Checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received–The G1, G2 and M
Signals are provided by two types of regulatory proteins interacting together–Cyclins–Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)

25
Q

Karyotype

A

An ordered display of the chromosomes pairs from a cell

26
Q

Ploidy

A

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organism.

Biology 126 (7 decks)

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