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Chemistry core edexcel > C1.2 Materials from the Earth > Flashcards

C1.2 Materials from the Earth Flashcards

1
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock inside the Earth’s crust

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2
Q

What is lava?

A

Molten rock on the surface of the Earth

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3
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Through the solidification of magma or lava

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4
Q

What does the size of crystals within an igneous rock depend on?

A

The rate at which the magma or lava cools

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5
Q

When do igneous rocks form small crystals?

A

When they’re cooled quickly

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6
Q

When do igneous rocks form large crystals?

A

When they’re cooled slowly

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7
Q

What type of rock is granite?

A

Igneous

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8
Q

What type of rock is chalk?

A

Sedimentary

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9
Q

How can rocks be broken down into smaller pieces?

A
  • through the expansion of water when it freezes

- erosion

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10
Q

How is sedimentary rock formed?

A
  • weathering of rocks creates sediment which is deposited on the bottom of lakes or seas
  • layers of sediment build up over a long period of time, causing compaction
  • dissolved minerals cause cementation which binds the sediment together, forming sedimentary rock
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11
Q

What types of rock are marble and mylonite?

A

Metamorphic

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12
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

Rocks that have been changed by heat or pressure

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13
Q

What type of rock is most susceptible to erosion?

A

Sedimentary

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14
Q

What type of rock can have fossil remains?

A

Sedimentary

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15
Q

Why are igneous and metamorphic rocks less likely to erode?

A

They have interlocking crystals which make them harder

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16
Q

What are the uses of limestone as a raw material?

A

The manufacture of cement, concrete and glass

17
Q

What are the three natural forms of calcium carbonate?

A

Limestone, chalk and marble

18
Q

What are the benefits of quarrying for limestone?

A
  • creates jobs in the countryside where they might be difficult to find
  • improves the economy when exported to other countries
19
Q

What are the drawbacks of quarrying for limestone?

A
  • dusty and noisy
  • affect the quality of life of locals
  • damage tourism industry
  • the lorries that transport the limestone cause extra traffic, noise and pollution
  • land taken up by the quarry can’t be used for other purposes like farming
  • destroy the original landscape
20
Q

What does the decomposition of calcium carbonate produce?

A

Calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

21
Q

What is the thermal decomposition of limestone used to produce?

A

Cement and glass

22
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

The breaking down of a substance by heat

23
Q

How is cement made?

A

By heating limestone with powdered clay

24
Q

How is concrete made?

A

By mixing cement with sand, gravel and water

25
Q

How is glass made?

A

By heating limestone with sand and sodium carbonate

26
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Passing it through limewater and seeing if it goes milky

27
Q

What happens during a precipitation reaction?

A

Soluble substances react to form an insoluble precipitate

28
Q

What is produced from the reaction of calcium oxide and water?

A

Calcium hydroxide

29
Q

What is limewater?

A

Calcium hydroxide solution

30
Q

How do you turn calcium hydroxide into limewater?

A

You add more water until it dissolves into a solution

31
Q

What state is calcium hydroxide in?

A

Solid

32
Q

Why does carbon dioxide turn limewater milky?

A

Its reaction with limewater produces an insoluble white precipitate of calcium carbonate

33
Q

What happens to cloudy limewater when even more carbon dioxide is bubbled through it?

A

It goes back to being colourless

34
Q

Why does limewater go back to being colourless when excessive carbon dioxide is bubbled through it?

A
  • the carbon dioxide reacts with water to form an acidic solution because there are no more calcium atoms to react with
  • this acid neutralises the calcium carbonate so there is no longer an insoluble precipitate
35
Q

How do farmers neutralise the acidity of soil?

A

By spraying calcium carbonate, calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide on the soil to neutralise it

36
Q

What gases cause acid rain?

A
  • sulphur dioxide

- nitrogen oxides

37
Q

How do power stations stop sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from escaping?

A

They spray wet calcium carbonate into the chimeneys to neutralise the acidic gases

Chemistry core edexcel (5 decks)

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