C11 - organic chemistry Flashcards
define homologous series
family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties because of the same functional group
-physically slightly diff.
why does ane, ene, ol & oic acid react differently from each other but react similarly in the same homologues series
they have different functional groups. Compounds with similar functional groups have similar chemical prosperities
define saturated compound
compound with only single bonds
functional group of each homologues series
ane - only single covalent bond = saturated hydrocarbon compound
ene - 1 carbon carbon double bond (can be anywhere within the bond), cannot have for meth
ol - has 1 OH
oic acid - has 1 COOH
amine - NH2
define hydrocarbon
compound which contains only hydrogen and carbon
what type of reaction is with:
-ane
-ene
ane = substitution (swapping reaction) because ane has full bonds in every carbon so you swap the H
ene = addition
define alkanes
-saturated hydrocarbons molecules which contain only single covalent bonds
-generally unreactive, except in terms of burning
define alkenes
-unsaturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one double covalent bond
types of functional group surfix (name)
-ane
-ene
-ol
-oic acid
-amine
beginning names for naming compounds (uses no. Carbon) & their state in room temp
-meth (cannot for ene)
-eth (g)
-prop (g)
-but (g)
-pen (g)
-hex (l)
-hept (l)
-oct (l)
-non (l)
general formula for ane, ene, ol
ane - C n H 2n+2
ene - C n H 2n
ol - C n H 2n+1 OH
oic acid - C n H 2n+1 COOH
uses for all hydrocarbons
fuel
combustion reaction of hydrocarbons
incomplete - hydrocarbon + O2 -> CO or C (soot) + H2O
complete - hydrocarbon + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
-balance starting from C to H
reaction of ene to:
1) ane
2) ol
use a catalyst like Platinum/ Nickle
-break double bonds & join with H/ OH, all single bonds
1) react with H2 (hydrogenation)
ene + H2 -> ane
2) react with H2O (Steam) - break steam bond to H & OH (hydration)
ene + steam -> ol
test for unsaturated compound (ene)
-(halogenation)
-add Br2 (diatomic) to ene
-color changes from orange/ brown to colourless
(decolorizes Br2 solution)
-break double bonds & join with Br, all single bonds - break Br2 bond to Br & Br
fermentation reaction of glucose
C6 H12 O6 -> 2 C2 H5 OH + 2CO2
1 glucose -> 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide
-anaerobic process
-uses yeast as catalyst & needs 25 -35C
2 uses of ethanol
-solvent
-fuel
(rubbing alcohol, cleaning wounds)
define Volatile
how easily it turns from liquid to gas
define viscous
how fluid (runny) a substance is
-shorter carbon chains = low viscosity
-longer carbon chains = high viscosity
define fossil fuel & its use
mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of plants & animals from high temperature & pressure
-they’re combusted to generate electricity
types of fossil fuels
-petroleum (crude oil)
-coal
-natural gas, main constitute is methAne
define crude oil
-mixture of hydrocarbons which have different chain lengths
process of Fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum)
evaporation & condensation
-oil is heated until evaporates into gas
-gases enter a column which is cooler at the top & hotter at the bottom
-gases start to cool & condense until it’s a liquid
-short chained hydrocarbons condense at the top, because of lower boiling points
-longer chained hydrocarbons condense at the bottom, because of higher boiling points
-hydrocarbons are separated into fractions
order of fractions in crude oil fractional distillation from lowest boiling point & it use & state in room temp
-refinery gas = heating & cooking gas (g)
-petrol oil/ gasoline = fuel in motor vehicle (l)
-naphtha = feedstock for making chemicals (l)
-paraffin oil/ kerosene - fuel for aircrafts (l)
-diesel oil = fuel in diesel engine (l)
-lubricating oil = lubricating machinery (l)
-Fuel oil = fuel for marine engines/ heating (l)
-bitumen = road surfaces (l)
trends in Fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum) as you go down
-contains diff types of anes in diff fractions
-less volatility
-more viscosity
-heavier
-increase in boiling point
-longer chains
-more molecular mass
-more intermolecular forces
-larger the molecule, more intermolecular forces, more energy needed to break them, higher melting/ boiling point
which hydrocarbons from crude oil are used mostly & what do you do with the ones not used
-the ones at the top
-cracking the longer chained hydrocarbons
what properties of crude oil help it to separate
-diff chain lengths
-diff boiling points
meaning of paraffin
anes, all of crude oils
process of cracking (ane to (ane) + ene + hydrogen)
produced ene
-catalyst (zeolite) + heat (500C)
-thermal decomposition
-breaking long hydrocarbon chains into smaller hydrocarbon chains
-alkane & alkene are produced
-important because shorter chained hydrocarbons are more useful
cracking in the lab
-a test tube with porcelain chips & mineral wool soaked in paraffin with a tube leading into another test tube under water
-heat the chips
-insoluble gas is released
types of polymerization
making macromolecule from many monomers
-addition
-condensation
difference btw addition & condensation polymerization
-addition give 1 product, condensation gives 2 products
-addition is made from same monomers, condensation is made from diff. monomers
why cannot alkanes become polymers
-they’re saturated (only have single bonds) so they cannot form any extra bonds
define polymer
large molecules formed from many small units called monomers
add ( ) n & bonds extending out of brackets to show it’s a polymer
eg. plastic
what are polymers
saturated compounds
define monomer (ene)
-a simple singular molecule
-draw full bond & simplify it to this
-bond: x can be either H or another compound
x x
\ /
C (double bond) C
/ \
x x
define addition polymerization
monomers are added one to another & there’s only 1 product
-only for ene
polymer from addition polymerization
-only for ene
-from monomer - break double bond & extend the bonds at the end
-add ( ) n
examples of natural polymers
naturally occurring
-natural rubber
-protein
-cellulose (in paper)
-keratin (in hair)
examples of synthetic polymers (man made)
made in lab
-polyester
-polyamide
-PVC (poly vinal chloride)
how is carbonic acid functional group drawn COOH
(double to O, single bond to OH)
-
O
//
C
\
OH
how is amine functional group drawn NH2
-
H
/
N
\
H
define condensation polymerization
-react carboxylic acid with alcohol/ amine
-gives 2 products; hydrocarbon & H20/ HCl/ NH3
-need double functional group so it can react on both ends
products of carboxylic acid &:
-alcohol
-amine
-ester + water
-amide + water
reaction for carboxylic acid + alcohol
carboxylic acid + alcohol -> hydrocarbon + H2O
ester link
reaction for carboxylic acid + amine
carboxylic acid + amine -> hydrocarbon + H2O
amide link
how does an ester link form in singular functional group
-H from alcohol + OH from carboxylic acid = H2O
-oxygen form alcohol bonds with C from carboxylic acid
O
||
C - O - C - C
(alcohol ) (carboxylic acid)
-add ( ) n to make polymer
how does an amide link form in singular functional group
-H from amine + OH from carboxylic acid = H2O
-N form amine bonds with C from carboxylic acid
-(s) - single bond, (d) - double bond
H O
(s) (d)
N —— C
(alcohol ) (carboxylic acid)
-add ( ) n to make polymer
||
how does polyester form in double functional group
diol & dicarboxylic acid
-H from alcohol + OH from carboxylic acid = H2O
-oxygen form alcohol bonds with C from carboxylic acid
-for both sides
-(s) - single bond, (d) - double bond
-
O O
(d) (d)
O - Carbons - O - C - Carbons - C
-add ( ) n to make polyester
| || ||
how does polyamide form in double functional group (nylon)
diamine & dicarboxylic acid
-H from amine + OH from carboxylic acid = H2O
-oxygen form amine bonds with C from carboxylic acid
-for both sides
-(s) - single bond, (d) - double bond
-
H H O O
(s) (s) (d) (d)
N - Carbons - N - C - Carbons - C
-add ( ) n to make polyamide
what is polythene
polymers made form ene
eg. plastic
why is there no exact formula for the polymer molecules in polythene
polymer molecules contain a huge/almost infinite number of monomer units
what does nylon and polyamide have in common
they both have the same amide linkage
why reactions with hydrocarbons use a catalyst & the catalyst name
1) changing ene to ane/ ol:
uses Nickle platinum catalyst
2) cracking
uses Zeolite catalyst
3) fermentation of glucose
uses yeast
note: when naming compounds, there may be a number in the middle = shows where the double bond is in the ene
note:
-ane is generally unreactive
-each carbon atom needs 4 bonds
-ene cannot be for meth
-ol is not a hydrocarbon, it is a carbohydrate, only ane & ene
-paraffin from crude oil is used as fuel for aircrafts
-never poly(ethane), always poly (ethEne)
-diff bonds to an Ene have to be attached to the same C bond
-all hydrocarbons can be used as a fuel
-for ester/ amide link = acid - remove OH, amine/ ol - remove H
-naming ester link = acid name + alcohol name eg. ethyl methanoate
-naming amide link = acid name + amine name
explain why a reaction is exothermic
-bond breaking is endothermic
-bond making is exothermic
-more energy is given out in bond making than bond breaking so the reaction is exothermic
