C1 - states of matter (Particles, arrangement, melting points, diffusion) Flashcards
define an Atom
The smallest particle that cannot be further broken down.
describe the structure of an atom
Central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, ‘shells’ of electrons
the relative charge and mass of protons
Relative charge = +1
Relative mass = 1
the relative charge and mass of neutrons
Relative charge = 0
Relative mass = 1
the relative charge and mass of electrons
Relative charge = -1
Relative mass = 1/ 2000
what affects an element’s chemical properties
number of electrons in the outer shell
Define an isotope
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
define a molecule
particles made of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together (can be same or diff. type of atoms)
define a compound
2 or more diff. types of atoms chemically bonded together
define a mixture
2 or more elements / compounds mixed together that can be separated by physical means
define an element
same type of atoms
define an ion
a charged particle
Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid
Particles vibrate in fixed positions in a regular structure (lattice)- held together by strong intermolecular forces of attraction
Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid
Particles move around and slide past each other and collide often.- They are close together but not in a lattice. The intermolecular forces that hold them are weaker than that of a solid.
Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas
Particles move freely and randomly in all directions, collide less often than liquids- and has intermolecular forces weaker than that of a liquid holding them together.
Is the state rigid
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
a) yes
b) no
c) no
Is the state able to be compressed
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
a) no
b) no
c) yes
Does the state have a fixed shape
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
a) yes
b) no
c) no
Does the state have a fixed volume
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
a) yes
b) yes
c) no
Can the state flow
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
a) no
b) yes
c) yes
define aqueous
dissolved in solution
define molten
melted
what are the symbols for the states in a word equation
a) Solid
b) Liquid
c) Gas
d) aqueous
a) (s)
b) (l)
c) (g)
d) (aq)
note: always draw number line for change of state
which reactions are exothermic & endothermic
-exothermic: condensation, freezing
-endothermic: boiling, evaporation
Explain what happens to the temperature during melting
During melting, the temperature stays the same because the energy is used to WEAKEN the intermolecular forces and change substance from a solid to a liquid
Explain what happens to the temperature during boiling
During boiling, the temperature stays the same because the energy is used to the BREAK DOWN the intermolecular forces and change the substance form a liquid to a gas
what is happening when a solid to a liquid to a gas
melting, evaporation/ boiling
what is happening when a gas to a liquid to a solid
condensation, freezing
what happens to the line on a graph when one of the process occurs and what is it called
the line becomes straight for awhile, heating curve
when do particles stop moving
at an absolute 0 (-273 degree C)
define volatile
turns to a gas easily (low boiling point)
define diffusion
moment of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration as a result of their random motions
What affects the rate of diffusion
higher temperature, faster diffusion
more molecular mass, slower diffusion
define pressure
force acting perpendicular to a surface per unit area
what is the SI unit for pressure
Newton per meter squared = n/m^2
why do gas particles move at different speeds
they each have different amount of kinetic energy stored in them
when does collision between gas particles take place
always
when do gas particles change direction
once they collied with another particle
how does gas pressure happen
when particles hit a surface, it the right angled to the surface causing a net force and a pressure.
what happens when during collision when a particle has high energy.
more energy, more force exerted to the other particles when colliding
what happens when the temperature is higher
higher temperature, more kinetic energy store in particles, increased movement of particles, more collisions
what happens when the volume of a container decreases
less volume, more collisions of particles
what happens when there are more collisions
more collisions, more net force, more pressure
Describe how the movement and arrangement of particles change when water is cooled from 10C to -10C
At 10C, the particles slide and move past each other, colliding often in random motion. At -10c, the particles vibrate at fixed positions in a closely packed and regular structure. (Make a comparison)
There is ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride on opposite sides on a closed tube. A white ring forms a bit towards the hydrogen chloride. Suggest why ammonium chloride forms nearer to hydrochloric acid.
-The molecular mass of ammonia is less than hydrochloric acid.
-The ammonia particles diffuse faster than hydrogen chloride particles.
