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AB&SS 1 > C10: Spleen > Flashcards

C10: Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

the reticuloendothelial system (RE) is composed of what type of cells?
what the RE sys general function

A
  • cells and tissue that carry out phagocytosis

- body’s major defence systems against infection… other functions depend on the organ

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2
Q

what does hematopoiesis occur in the RE system?

A
  • spleen, liver, bone marrow in the fetus

- bone marrow post natally…. spleen can also form new blood cells if needed

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3
Q

which organs are included in the RE system

A 
brain
blood
spleen, liver, thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes
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4
Q

list the elements that make up the composition of blood

A

erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes and plasma

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5
Q

describe the function of leukocytes.

how many different types are there

  1. what is leukocytosis… what does it indicate
  2. what is leukopenia… what does it indicate
A

-important for immunity

5 types…. some are phagocytic and others arent

  1. increase WBCs
    + infection, leukaemia, malignancies, stress
  2. low level of WBCs
    + malaria
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6
Q

what are the 3 process of the immune response

A
  1. body identifies a substance or antigen and determines if its foreign or not…
  2. if the substance is foreign, the body reacts by producing antibodies or anti-toxins
  3. body produces memory cells so that if it encounters the antigen again it can react more quickly
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7
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity and what do they produce

A
  1. Humoral: antibodies

2. Cell Mediates: anti-toxins

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8
Q

which organ is the largest unit of the RE system

A

spleen

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9
Q

when during fetal development does the spleen develop (wks) and from which cells

A
  • 5 wks

- from mesoderm

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10
Q

when during fetal development (wks) does the spleen start performing hematopoietic function and when does it assume and adult function

A
  • 11 wks (stops shortly after birth)

- at 5th of 6th month gestation

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11
Q

which area of the spleen is not covered by peritoneum

A

hilum

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12
Q

where in the body is the spleen located… which ligaments hold it in place

A

-left hypochondrium/LUQ

+ gastrosplenic, splenorenal, phrenocolic ligaments

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13
Q

whats the relationship of the spleen to the diaphragm

A

superior, lateral, posterior

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14
Q

the spleen sits medial to which structures

A

stomach, panc tail, splenic flexure, L kidney

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15
Q

the spleen sits anteior to which structures

A

stomach

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16
Q

what are the norm measurements of the spleen for an adult

how do we assess the size of a child spleen

A

L: up to 12 cm
W: 7-8 cm
H/AP: 3-4 cm

-formula until age 21

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17
Q

what are the 3 categories of splenic size?

A

Norm: up to 12 cm
Moderate splenomegaly: 13-18 cm
Severe splenomegaly: over 18 cm

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18
Q

when would the spleen appear enlarged

A
  • in decube position (2 X size of kidney)

- is you see a flattened caudal kidney (reliable sign)

19
Q

does spleen size decrease with age

A

yes

20
Q

which vessels coverage to form the splenic vein

A

many smaller spleen veins @ the splenic hilum

21
Q

how many arteries does the splenic artery branch into at the hilum

A

6

22
Q

the splenic vessels course through which ligament

A

splenorenal

23
Q

how can the removal of the spleen in childhood effect the body

A

can impair immune response

24
Q

describe the microscopic anatomy of the spleen

A

-divided into lobules via projections of the c-tissue capsule

25
Q

the lobules of the spleen contain what 2 pulp types?

describe the 2 types

A
  1. Red pulp
    + venous component
    + mesh network of splenic sinuses alternating with splenic cords
  2. White pulp
    + sm islands of lymphatic tissue that contain large lymphocytes and macrophages
26
Q

what does the the lymphatic tissue in the white pulp produce

whats another term for the lymphatic tissue in the white pulp

A

antibodies

Malpighian corpuscles

27
Q

the sinusoids of the red pulp are lined with what cells?

whats another term for the splenic cords in the red pulp

A

phagocytic cells

-called Cords of Billroth

28
Q

what are the RE functions of the spleen

A
  • produce lymphocytes and plasma cells (antibodies)

- storage for iron and metabolites

29
Q

what are the organs specific functions of the spleen

A
  • Primary function:
    + filter blood

-act as blood reservoir, stored 50-1000 ml

-erythropoiesis/hematopoiese in the fetus
+ spleen will retain this ability but bone marrow does it after birth

30
Q

what are the 2 components of blood filtration carried out in the spleen

A

Culling and pitting

31
Q

which 2 windows can be used to scan the spleen

A

intercostal and subcostal (patient can be supine, RPO or decube)

32
Q

what are we assess when scanning the spleen

A

size
position
focal abnormalities
surrounding fluid collections (cause by injury)

33
Q

spleen can be used as a window to assess what organs

A

L kidney and panc tail

34
Q

describe the echogenicity and echo texture of the spleen

A

texture: homogenous w/ low to medium level echos

echogenicity:
- more echogenic then L kidney cortex
- isoechoic or slightly more echogenic than the liver

35
Q

what shape will the spleen have if enlarged

A

1/2 moon shape instead of crescent

36
Q

what are 2 scanning pitfalls when scanning the spleen

A
  1. pseudoperisplenic leison
    + when the L lobe of the liver is seen superior to the spleen… mimics hematoma or abscess
    + occurs in thin patients and kids
  2. Fluid filled stomach or tail of panc mistaken for mass
37
Q

what are accessory spleens/splenules/splenuculi

A
  • sm collection of splenic tissue near the hilum… often < 1 cm
38
Q

what is a born again spleen

A

hypertrophy of an accessory spleen or other splenic tissue post splenectomy

39
Q

what is a hematocrit

what do low levels indicate

A
  • lab test that gives the % of RBCs per volume of blood

- indicates hemorrhage or internal bleeding

40
Q

what is a hemoglobin lab test

what do low levels indicate

A
  • hemoglobin is a protein in RBCs that transport 02

- indicates blood loss, anemia, leukemia, or can mean that the spleen isn’t functioning properly

41
Q

what is thrombocytopenia… what can cause it

A
  • low platelet count

- internal bleeding, leukemia, Vit B 12 deficiency

42
Q

what is thrombocytosis… what can cause it

A
  • increased levels

- hemorrhage, infectious disorders

43
Q

what other typing of DI are used to image the spleen.. what tests do they do

A
  1. nuch med
    + RBC scan/Scintography
    - radioactive tracer is injected into the blood… used to assess morphology/volume of spleen
  2. CT

AB&SS 1 (13 decks)

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