Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AB&SS 1 > C1: Ultrasound fundamentals > Flashcards

C1: Ultrasound fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main types of tissues changes

A

focal

diffuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe focal changes
where do they occur?

give an example

A
  • localized changes to a structure/organ
  • circumscribes
  • defined by a wall
  • can be single or multiple

e.g. mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe diffuse changes

where do they occur?

A
  • changes that affect the overall organ tissue
  • always infiltrative (effects whole organ)
  • usually subtle and hard to detect because you don’t have normal tissue to compare it with
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe some of the changes that can occur to an organ w/ diffuse changes

give an example

A

changes in:

  • echotexture
  • size, shape
  • organ position
  • can influence position of adjacent structures

e.g. fatty infiltration, cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when youre describing the location of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include

A

-which organ and position of organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when youre describing the location of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include

A
  • reference raltional anatomy and use directional terminology
    e. g. couinads for liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when youre describing the size of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include

A
  • change in size

- measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when youre describing the size of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include

A

-image in 2 planes and take 3 measurements

L/W/H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when youre describing the shape of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include

A
  • round, oval, etc

- irregular or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when youre describing the shape of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include

A

-organ contour changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when youre describing the contour of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include

A
  • capsule changes

- contour changes.. eg nodular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when youre describing the contour of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include

A
  • describe wall outline… smooth, irregular, lobular…. well defined, ill defined
  • scan in multiple planes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are lobular masses usually malignant or benign

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are smooth masses usually malignant or benign

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

are masses w/ irregular contour usually malignant or benign

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how to lobular borders look compared to irregular borders

A

lobular: usually rounded and further apart
irregular: usually spikey/sharper and poorly defined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

an encapsulated mass, has an association w/ benign or malignancy?

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when would a mass have to be located for us to be able to see that its encapsulated

A

superficially

19
Q

what are some echotexture and echogenicity changes that you might see wi/ diffuse disease?

A

texture:

  • heterogenous (most norm parenchyma is homogenous)
  • irregular ot patchy parenchyma

echogenicity:
-hyperechoic, hypoechoic, anechoic, isoechoic

20
Q

what are the 3 categories of focal mass lesions

A
  • cystic (fluid filled)
  • solid (tissue)
  • mixed or complex (fluid and tissue)
21
Q

what are the 4 criteria for simple cysts

A
  1. no internal echos (anechoic)
  2. strong back wall (due to lack of attenuation)
  3. posterior enhancement (most reliable sign)
  4. defined borders (round of oval shaped)
22
Q

what does the echogenicity of a structure depend on

A

depends on the echogenicity of surrounding tissues (hematomas can be hyperechoic is normal tissue or hypoechoic is fatty tissue)

23
Q

what are the 2 ways to describe a complex cyst and how might they appear

A
  1. mostly cystic:
    - small solid nodules
    - septations
    - debris
  2. Mostly solid
    - mostly composed of tissue w/ smaller cystic areas
24
Q

can both types of complex cysts show posterior enhancement

A

yes

25
Q

do thin separations usually indicate a mass is benign

A

yes

26
Q

do thick separations usually indicate a mass is malignant

A

yes

27
Q

what are the categories of attenuation characteristics and where are they located

A

marked
moderate
poor

-posterior to the structure

28
Q

what are we assessing for in terms of vascularity of a mass

A

Amount of blood flow:
-increase, decreased or no flow

Location of blood flow:

  • central
  • peripheral
29
Q

what type of vascularity do malignant masses usually display

A

-increased flow located centrally

30
Q

what type of vascularity do benign masses usually display

A

-decreased or no flow in the periphery of the mass

31
Q

are both focal and diffuse disease capable of displacing and compressing adjacent organs/structures/vasculature?

A

yes

32
Q

list the 2 types of cystic formed w/ cystic disease and their causes

A
  1. True cysts (have an epithelial wall)
    - congenital
    - age related
  2. Acquired cysts (no epithelial wall)
    - trauma
    - parasites
    - abscesses
33
Q

can we tell on US if a cyst has an epithelial wall or not

A

no

34
Q

what is the definition of a neoplastic disease

can they be both malignant or benign

A

-disease due to abnormal tissue growth… cells proliferate at a fast rate

yes

35
Q

list the ethology of neoplastic diseases

A

genetics
infection
lifestyle
environmental

36
Q

what is the definition of an infectious disease

A

-disease due to a microorganism

37
Q

list the ethology of infectious diseases

A

Viruses (hep)
Bacterial
Fungus (candida)
Parasites (ameba)

38
Q

what is the definition of a metabolic disorder

A
  • abnormality in metabolism of substances

e. g. fat, glycogen, calcium

39
Q

list the ethology of metabolic disorders

A
  • genetic (most common)

- toxins or infections (rare)

40
Q

what is the definition of a congenital disorder

A
  • abnormality presenting at or before birth

e. g. anomalies, malformations, diseases

41
Q

list the ethology of congenital disorders

A
  • genetic/hereditary

- insult or injury during development

42
Q

what is the definition of a vascular disease

A
  • any disease causing an interference of hemodynamics

e. g. thrombus, compression, stenosis, etc

43
Q

list the ethology of vascular diseases

A

-lifestyle
genetic
trauma

44
Q

she the first half of notes package

A

.

AB&SS 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions