C1: Ultrasound fundamentals Flashcards
what are the 2 main types of tissues changes
focal
diffuse
describe focal changes
where do they occur?
give an example
- localized changes to a structure/organ
- circumscribes
- defined by a wall
- can be single or multiple
e.g. mass
describe diffuse changes
where do they occur?
- changes that affect the overall organ tissue
- always infiltrative (effects whole organ)
- usually subtle and hard to detect because you don’t have normal tissue to compare it with
describe some of the changes that can occur to an organ w/ diffuse changes
give an example
changes in:
- echotexture
- size, shape
- organ position
- can influence position of adjacent structures
e.g. fatty infiltration, cirrhosis
when youre describing the location of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include
-which organ and position of organ
when youre describing the location of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- reference raltional anatomy and use directional terminology
e. g. couinads for liver
when youre describing the size of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- change in size
- measurement
when youre describing the size of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include
-image in 2 planes and take 3 measurements
L/W/H
when youre describing the shape of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- round, oval, etc
- irregular or not
when youre describing the shape of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include
-organ contour changes
when youre describing the contour of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- capsule changes
- contour changes.. eg nodular
when youre describing the contour of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- describe wall outline… smooth, irregular, lobular…. well defined, ill defined
- scan in multiple planes
are lobular masses usually malignant or benign
benign
are smooth masses usually malignant or benign
benign
are masses w/ irregular contour usually malignant or benign
malignant
how to lobular borders look compared to irregular borders
lobular: usually rounded and further apart
irregular: usually spikey/sharper and poorly defined
an encapsulated mass, has an association w/ benign or malignancy?
benign
when would a mass have to be located for us to be able to see that its encapsulated
superficially
what are some echotexture and echogenicity changes that you might see wi/ diffuse disease?
texture:
- heterogenous (most norm parenchyma is homogenous)
- irregular ot patchy parenchyma
echogenicity:
-hyperechoic, hypoechoic, anechoic, isoechoic
what are the 3 categories of focal mass lesions
- cystic (fluid filled)
- solid (tissue)
- mixed or complex (fluid and tissue)
what are the 4 criteria for simple cysts
- no internal echos (anechoic)
- strong back wall (due to lack of attenuation)
- posterior enhancement (most reliable sign)
- defined borders (round of oval shaped)
what does the echogenicity of a structure depend on
depends on the echogenicity of surrounding tissues (hematomas can be hyperechoic is normal tissue or hypoechoic is fatty tissue)
what are the 2 ways to describe a complex cyst and how might they appear
- mostly cystic:
- small solid nodules
- septations
- debris - Mostly solid
- mostly composed of tissue w/ smaller cystic areas
can both types of complex cysts show posterior enhancement
yes
do thin separations usually indicate a mass is benign
yes
do thick separations usually indicate a mass is malignant
yes
what are the categories of attenuation characteristics and where are they located
marked
moderate
poor
-posterior to the structure
what are we assessing for in terms of vascularity of a mass
Amount of blood flow:
-increase, decreased or no flow
Location of blood flow:
- central
- peripheral
what type of vascularity do malignant masses usually display
-increased flow located centrally
what type of vascularity do benign masses usually display
-decreased or no flow in the periphery of the mass
are both focal and diffuse disease capable of displacing and compressing adjacent organs/structures/vasculature?
yes
list the 2 types of cystic formed w/ cystic disease and their causes
- True cysts (have an epithelial wall)
- congenital
- age related - Acquired cysts (no epithelial wall)
- trauma
- parasites
- abscesses
can we tell on US if a cyst has an epithelial wall or not
no
what is the definition of a neoplastic disease
can they be both malignant or benign
-disease due to abnormal tissue growth… cells proliferate at a fast rate
yes
list the ethology of neoplastic diseases
genetics
infection
lifestyle
environmental
what is the definition of an infectious disease
-disease due to a microorganism
list the ethology of infectious diseases
Viruses (hep)
Bacterial
Fungus (candida)
Parasites (ameba)
what is the definition of a metabolic disorder
- abnormality in metabolism of substances
e. g. fat, glycogen, calcium
list the ethology of metabolic disorders
- genetic (most common)
- toxins or infections (rare)
what is the definition of a congenital disorder
- abnormality presenting at or before birth
e. g. anomalies, malformations, diseases
list the ethology of congenital disorders
- genetic/hereditary
- insult or injury during development
what is the definition of a vascular disease
- any disease causing an interference of hemodynamics
e. g. thrombus, compression, stenosis, etc
list the ethology of vascular diseases
-lifestyle
genetic
trauma
she the first half of notes package
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