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RADTECH > C1- Radiologic Physics > Flashcards

C1- Radiologic Physics Flashcards

1
Q

It is a German word that means “slowed down radiation”

A

Bremsstrahlung

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2
Q

What is the x-ray spectrum of Bremsstrahlung radiation?

A

Continuous

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3
Q

Where does the Bremsstrahlung radiation interacts?

A

Nuclear Field

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4
Q

All characteristics x-rays are useless except for what kind of x-ray?

A

K - x-ray because they have enough energy that is within the diagnostic range (20-150)

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5
Q

Substance that comprises all physical objects

A

Matter

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6
Q

Fundamental building blocks of matter

A

Atom

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7
Q

What is the atomic mass unit of proton

A

1.673 x 10^-27

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8
Q

What is the atomic mass unit of neutron

A

1.675 x 10^-27

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9
Q

What are the 4 essence in Medieval atom theory?

A

Dry, Cold, Hot, Wet

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10
Q

Who made the hook and eye theory?

A

John Dalton

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11
Q

He made the chemical table of elements

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

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12
Q

He made the plum pudding model

A

Joseph John Johnson

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13
Q

He made the plum pudding model

A

Joseph John Johnson

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14
Q

Who and when was the Rutherford Atom made?

A

Ernest Rutherford, 1911

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15
Q

It is the ability to do work

A

Energy

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16
Q

What is the unit for energy?

A

Joule

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17
Q

What is the unit for energy?

A

Joules

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18
Q

Explain Law of Conservation of Energy

A

It states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one form to another.

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19
Q

Who made Theory of Relativity and what is it?

A

Albert Einstein
Matter can be converted to energy and energy to matter

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20
Q

Who made Theory of Relativity and what is it?

A

Albert Einstein
Matter can be converted to energy and energy to matter

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21
Q

The principal parts of atom

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Orbital shells
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22
Q

Atoms means

A

Indivisible

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23
Q

The fundamental particles of atom

A
  1. Protons
  2. Neutrons
  3. Electrons
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24
Q

The importance of Dalton Atom

A
  1. It presents that atoms are specific to each element
  2. Chemical bonding
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25
Q

Explain the difference between Bohr Atom and Rutherford atom

A

Rutherford Atom (1911)- Small dense positively charged center surrounded by a cloud of electrons
Bohr Atom (1913)- Electrons are in an orbit or it is a miniature solar system

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26
Q

Another term for outer shell

A

Valence Shell

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27
Q

Atomic mass unit is based on

A

1/12th of the Carbon Atom

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28
Q

What determines the atomic number of an element?

A

Protons

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29
Q

True or False:
# Protons = # Electrons

A

True

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30
Q

This contributes to the overall mass of the atom and involved in the strong nuclear force that holds the nucleus together

A

Mass and Force

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31
Q

This contributes to the atomic mass of an element

A

Neutrons

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32
Q

The first table of elements has how many elements

A

60 elements

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33
Q

Groups is based on the..

A

How many electrons are on the valence shell

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34
Q

The Period on the periodic table of elements are based on the..

A

How many shells are on the chemical

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35
Q

What is the formula for determining the number of electrons in the each shell

A

2n^2

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36
Q

It is the strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus

A

Electron Binding Energy

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37
Q

What is Electron Binding Energy?

A

-It is the strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus
-It is the energy required to ionize electron

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38
Q

True or False:
The greater the total number of electrons in an atom, the more tightly each is bound

A

True

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39
Q

The letter to signify atomic mass number?

A

A in the upper left of chemical symbol

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40
Q

The letter that signify the atomic number of an element

A

Z in the lower left corner of the chemical element

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41
Q

It is the ability to do work

A

Energy

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42
Q

Radiation is the energy…

A

emitted and transferred through space

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43
Q

This reduces the electrostatic repulsion between positively
charged protons.

A

Neutron

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44
Q

The by product of ionization

A

Ion pair

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45
Q

States that the sum of all matter and energy is constant

A

Law of Conservation of Energy

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46
Q

Theory of relativity formula

A

E=mc^2

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47
Q

Energy emitted and transferred through space (in a form of a wave)

A

Radiation

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48
Q

Any type of radiation capable of removing an orbital e- from the atom with which it interacts

A

Ionizing Radiation

49
Q

Addition of energy to a system achieved by raising the energy of electrons with the use of x-rays

A

Excitation

50
Q

By product of excitation

A

Heat or Light

51
Q

Gamma rays and X-rays differ in

A

Origin

52
Q

Particulate or Electromagnetic:
Has mass and charge

A

Particulate

53
Q

Particulate or Electromagnetic:
Has no mass and no charge

A

Electromagnetic

54
Q

the spontaneous emission of particles and energy in order to become stable.

A

Radioactivity

55
Q

What is the rate of decay/disintegration of radioactive material

A

Radioactivity

56
Q

Radioactivity is expressed in
Conventional unit:
SI unit:

A

Curie
Becquerel

57
Q

The atoms involved and the only nuclei that undergo radioactive decay

A

Radionuclide

58
Q

The process by which the nucleus spontaneously emits particles & energy & transforms itself into another atom to reach stability

A

Radioactive Decay/ Radioactive Disintegration

59
Q

Alpha emission only occurs on ________

A

Heavy radioisotopes

60
Q

Alpha emission is consists of ___ protons & ___ neutrons and results in ___ atomic mass number.

A

2, 2, 4

61
Q

Alpha emission :
Energy:

A

4-7 MeV

62
Q

It occurs in all radioisotopes

A

Beta emission

63
Q

It occurs more frequently than alpha emission

A

Beta emission

64
Q

Beta emission has ______ beta particle has a range of about _____ in soft tissue

A

2-MeV: 1 cm

65
Q

Occurs in a neutron-rich (proton deficient) nuclei.

A

Beta minus decay

66
Q

Occurs in a neutron-deficient (proton rich) nuclei.

A

Beta plus decay

67
Q

Occurs in a neutron-deficient (proton rich) nuclei.

A

Beta plus decay

68
Q

A decay involving emission of gamma radiation.

A

Isomeric Transition

69
Q

It is an inverse photoelectric effect This happens when gamma radiation from the nucleus ejects an electron on its way out.

A

Internal Conversion

70
Q

By product of Internal Conversion

A

Auger electron

71
Q

The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its original value

A

Radioactive Half-life

72
Q

Amount of time half of radioactive compound is eliminated from body

A

Biologic Half-life

73
Q

Amount of time half of radioactive compound is eliminated from body via radioactive decay and biological excretion

A

Effective Half-life

74
Q

This is the smallest unit of electromagnetic energy

A

Photon

75
Q

What are the properties of electromagnetic energy

A

Frequency, wavelength, velocity and amplitude

76
Q

True or False:
Velocity is the same regardless of whether it is in a wave or particle form.

A

True

77
Q

Speed of light

A

3x10^8 meters/second or 186,000 miles/second

78
Q

The width/height of the waveform or this is one-half range from crest to valley

A

Amplitude

79
Q

What is the relationship of amplitude yo frequency or wavelength?

A

Do not have effect

80
Q

The rate of rise and fall

A

Frequency

81
Q

SI unit of frequency

A

Hertz

82
Q

1 Hertz is equal to

A

1 oscillation/second

83
Q

The distance of one crest to another

A

Wavelength

84
Q

The relationship of wavelength to frequency

A

Inversely proportional

85
Q

Relationship of frequency to energy

A

Directly proportional

86
Q

The period of a wave is the _________for one complete cycle.

A

time of the wave

87
Q

Any type of radiation that causes excitation

A

Non-ionizing radiation

88
Q

The by products of non-ionizing radiation are

A

Heat and light

89
Q

The function of x-ray image system

A

Convert electrical energy to electromagnetic energy

90
Q

What are the conditions needed for x-ray production?

A

• Large potential difference (kVp) •Quantity of electrons (mAs)
• A place of interaction (target)
• Source of electrons (filament)

91
Q

What is projectile electron?

A

•Electrons travelling from cathode to anode
• It interacts with the orbital electrons or nuclear field of
target atoms

92
Q

Answers the following
Anode Heat Production:
Where:
What:
How:

A

Where: Outer Shell
What: Excitation
How:

93
Q

Answers the following
K characteristics:
Where:
What:
How:

A

Where: Inner shell
What: ionization
How: Projectile electron removes the electron in inner shell which made the outer shell electron fills in inner void

94
Q

This increases directly with increasing x-ray tube current & kVp

A

Anode heat

95
Q

Answers the following
Bremsstrahlung x-ray:
Where:
What:
How:

A

Where: Nuclear Field
What: slowing down of electrons
How: Projectile electron is slowed by the nuclear field of a target atom nucleus.

96
Q

In K-Characteristics effective energy ↑ = Atomic Number of the element

A

↑ Atomic Number of the element

97
Q

Low energy x-rays interacts with

A

Whole atom

98
Q

Moderate energy x-rays interacts with

A

Electrons

99
Q

High energy x-rays interacts with

A

Nucleas

100
Q

Coherent Scattering is also known as

A

Classical scattering and Thompson Scattering

101
Q

Coherent scattering happens when the x-ray has how much energy

A

Less than 10 kev

102
Q

Coherent scattering happens when the x-ray has how much energy

A

Less than 10 kev

103
Q

Answer the following:
Coherent Scattering
What:
Where:
How:
Results:

A

Where: Whole target atom
What: Excitation
How: Release of excess energy
Results: Scattered x-ray

104
Q

True or False:
In a coherent scattering the energy of the incident x-ray is not equal to the energy of the scattered

A

False because the energy of the incident x-ray is equal to the energy of the scattered and the only difference is the change in direction

105
Q

Answer the following:
Compton Effect
Energy:
Where:
What:
How:
Result/s?:

A

Compton Effect
Energy: within diagnostic range (30-150 kev)
Where: Outer Shell Electron
What: Ionization
How: The incident x-ray partially deposited energy to the electron which made it ionized
Result/s?: Compton Electron and Scattered x-ray

106
Q

Increased angle of deflection = energy is transferred to the Compton electron

A

More energy

107
Q

Relationship of x-ray energy to the chances having a Compton Interaction

A

Inversely Proportional

108
Q

True or False:
Compton Scattering is independent to the atomic number

A

True

109
Q

The effect of Compton Scattering are:

A
  1. Occupational Dose
  2. Reduces image contrast
  3. Secondary radiation
  4. Provides gray tones in the radiographic image
110
Q

Answer the following:
Photoelectric Effect:
Energy:
Where:
What:
How:
Result/s?:

A

Answer the following:
Photoelectric Effect:
Energy: Diagnostic Range
Where: Inner Shell Electron
What: Ionization
How: Full deposition of energy = removal of electron
Result/s?:
1. Photoelectron
2. Secondary X-rays (Characteristic)
3. No scattered x-ray
4. Total x-ray absorption

111
Q

What is the relationship of the x-ray energy to the probability of Photoelectric effect

A

Inversely proportional

112
Q

The relationship between the atomic number and photoelectric interaction

A

Directly proportional

113
Q

Effects of photoelectric interaction

A
  1. Patient Dose
  2. Produces a high contrast image
  3. White shades in the radiographic image
114
Q

Answer the following:
Pair Production:
Energy:
Where:
Result/s:

A

Pair Production:
Energy: >1.02 MeV
Where: Nuclear Field
Result/s: Pair = Electron and Positron

115
Q

This is the process where the positron meets an electron and be converted into energy

A

Annihilation radiation

116
Q

Answer the following:
Photodisintegration
Energy:
Where:
What:
Result/s:

A

Photodisintegration
Energy: >10 MeV
Where: Nucleus
What: Excitation
Result/s: Nuclear Fragment

117
Q

What are the results of photodisintegration?

A

Results:
• Incident photon disappears
• Nuclear excitation
• Emission of nuclear particle
• Proton
• Neutron
• Alpha particle

118
Q

Relationship between the kVp and differential absorption

A

Inversely proportional

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