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C1-C3 > C1 - Particles > Flashcards

C1 - Particles Flashcards

1
Q

What do chemists mean when they use the term particles?

A

Atoms, ions or molecules

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2
Q

What is the arrangement of a solid? (1)

A

regular

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3
Q

what is the arrangement of a liquid? (1)

A

random

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4
Q

what is the arrangement of a gas? (1)

A

random

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5
Q

what is the relative distance between solid particles?

A

very close

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6
Q

what is the relative distance between liquid particles?

A

close

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7
Q

what is the relative distance between gas particles?

A

far apart

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8
Q

what is the main movement of solid particles? (1)

A

they vibrate around fixed positions

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9
Q

what is the main movement of liquid particles? (1)

A

they move around each other

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10
Q

what is the main movement of gas particles?

A

they move quickly in all directions

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11
Q

can you compress a substance in its solid state?

A

no

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12
Q

why can you not compress a solid or liquid substance?

A

there is no space for the particles to move into

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13
Q

why do substances in a solid state have a fixed shape?

A

since it’s particles vibrate around fixed particles and cannot move from place to place

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14
Q

Give 3 examples of chemical changes

A

-cooking eggs
- steel rusting
- wood burning

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of physical changes

A
  • freezing juice to make a lolly
  • mixing sand with water
  • dissolving sugar in water
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16
Q

What happens to a substance when it changes state? (in terms of particles) (2)

A

The substance’s particles stay the same (1) but the movement and arrangement changes (1)

17
Q

What happens to a substance’s particles during a chemical reaction?

A

Particles break up and join in different ways
new substances are made

18
Q

What is the smallest particle that makes up a substance?

A

atoms

19
Q

What element has the smallest atom?

A

Helium

20
Q

what is the equation to calculate the mean distance between atoms?

A

distance between atoms
————
diameter of atom

21
Q

What are the forces between particles called?

A

Electrostatic forces

22
Q

State three limitations of the particle model

A
  • unable to see the electrostatic forces between particles
  • incorrect size of particles
  • incorrect space between particles
23
Q

Why does the volume of a substance increase when it melts? (2)

A

Some of the forces of attraction are overcome (1) and so the particles can move into more (1) space

24
Q

explain what happens to the particles of a substance in the liquid state as it cools down but remains in the liquid state (3)

A
  • particles transfer energy its surroundings
  • more electrostatic bonds form between them
  • the particles slow down
25
Q

explain what happens to the particles of a substance in the liquid state as it freezes (3)

A
  • energy transfers to its surroundings (1)
  • more electrostatic bonds form between each other (1)
  • the particles can no longer move around each other (1)
  • the particles become regularly arranged
26
Q

State a way in which the particle model does not accurately model the arrangement of particles

A

show them as stationary

27
Q

what is an atom?

A

the smallest particle of an element that still has its chemical properties

28
Q

what is a molecule?

A
  • two or more atoms joined together
29
Q

what is a bond length?

A

the distance between the centres of two joined atoms

30
Q

what does the atomic number tell us?

A

how many protons there are in the atom

31
Q

what is the mass number?

A

total number of protons and neutrons

32
Q

what is an isotope? (2)

A
  • an atom of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons (1), but a different number of neutrons (1)
  • (same atomic number)
  • (different mass number)
33
Q

what do the chemical properties of an element depend on?

A

the number of electrons in the outer shell

34
Q

what is an ion? (2)

A
  • a charged atom
  • formed when it loses or gains electrons
35
Q

how did dalton contribute to the development of the atomic model? (3)

A
  • all matter is made from atoms
  • different elements have different atoms
  • same elements have identical atoms
36
Q

what is a chemical bond?

A

an attractive force which keeps two atoms bonded together

37
Q

How did rutherford’s results change as he increased the deflection angle? (2)

A
  • The number of particles deflected decreased
  • as the particles were not being shot straight to the middle (where the nucleus was), and instead at the side where it was empty space
38
Q

Charge of an alpha particle?

A

Positive, +2

39
Q

Define atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

C1-C3 (11 decks)

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