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GCSE Chemistry > C1 - Air and Water > Flashcards

C1 - Air and Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What where the main ideas in daltons atomic model

A

Atoms are tiny solid balls which can’t be broken down
All atoms of an element are identical
Atoms of different elements are different
Atoms from different elements combine to make compounds
Atoms are rearranged during a chemical reaction to make new substances

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2
Q

What did Thomson discover

A

He discovered electrons

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3
Q

Who discovered electrons

A

Thomson

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4
Q

What is an isotope

A

An atom with the same number of protons and electrons but with a different number of neutrons

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5
Q

What is formed in the reaction between group 1 elements and water

A

Metal hydroxide and hydrogen

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6
Q

What is the appearance of chlorine

A

yellow green gas

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7
Q

What is the appearance of bromine

A

deep red liquid

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8
Q

What is the appearance of iodine

A

grey solid

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9
Q

What is the colour of iodine as a gas

A

Purple

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10
Q

Formula for ammonia

A

NH3

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11
Q

Formula for chlorine

A

Cl2

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12
Q

Does breaking a bond release or require energy

A

breaking bonds requires energy

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13
Q

overall energy change (in a chemical reaction) =

A

energy required to break bonds / energy released by forming bonds

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14
Q

if the overall energy change is negative was it endo or exo

A

exothermic

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15
Q

What was phase 1 of our atmosphere?

A

volcanoes gave out gases

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16
Q

What gases did volcanoes release into our atmosphere

A

N2, H2O, NH3

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17
Q

What is phase 2 of our atmosphere

A

As the earth cooled, the water vapour formed our oceans
Algae and plants began absorbing CO2

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18
Q

What is phase 3 of our atmosphere

A

Plants and algae, produced oxygen into our atmosphere

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19
Q

Why does coal cause acid rain

A

Because coal contains sulphur impurities, and when coal is burnt, sulphur dioxide is released

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20
Q

How does sulphur dioxide cause acid rain

A

When it mixes with clouds it forms dilute sulphuric acid, which is acidic

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21
Q

How are nitrogen oxides made

A

the heat from combustion causes oxygen in the air and nitrogen in the air to react together

22
Q

What are some effects of acid rain

A

kills plants, damages buildings, and corrodes metals

23
Q

What do catalytic converters do

A

remove nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases

24
Q

What doe acid gas scrubbers do

A

reduce harmful gases from power station emissions

25
Q

Test for chlorine gas

A

Chlorine bleaches damp blue litmus paper, turning it white

26
Q

What is the activation energy in an endothermic reaction

A

the distance from the reactants line to the top of the curve

27
Q

are most neutralization reactions exo or endothermic

A

exothermic

28
Q

does breaking a bond require or release energy

A

breaking a bond requires energy

29
Q

does making a bond require or release energy

A

making a bond releases energy

30
Q

if the overall energy change is negative, is it an endo or exothermic reaction

A

exo

31
Q

What was the first phase of our atmoshpere

A

Volcanoes gave out gases

32
Q

What gases did volcanoes release

A

ammonia, methane, water and co2

33
Q

What was the second phases of our atmosphere

A

the oceans and plants in the oceans absorbed the carbon dioxide in our atmospehre

34
Q

What was the third phase of our atmosphere

A

the plants and algae produce oxygen

35
Q

What is released during incomplete compustion

A

CO, H2O, and carbon particulates in the form of soot

36
Q

What other gas is made during combustion of coal, and why does this happen

A

sulphur dioxide is made, and this happens because` of sulphur impurities found in coal

37
Q

How do power stations reduce the emissions of harmful gasses

A

acid gas scrubbers

38
Q

How do cars reduce the emissions of harmful gasses

A

catalytic converters

39
Q

ammonia

A

NH3

40
Q

Test for hydrogen

A

Squeaky pop

41
Q

Test for oxygen

A

glowing splint will reignite

42
Q

Test for CO2

A

gas will turn limewater a milky white

43
Q

Test for chlorine

A

Chlorine will bleach a blue piece of DAMP litmus paper white

44
Q

In a hydrogen fuel cell, which electrode is positive

A

the cathode

45
Q

what enters the fuel cell on the negative, anode side

A

H2

46
Q

what enters the fuel cell on the positive, cathode side

A

O2

47
Q

What happens to the H2 at the anode (negative)

A

It oxidises the hydrogen, and the electrons flow through the wire running from the anode to the cathode. The H+ ions then travel through the electrolyte, to the cathode (positive)

48
Q

What happens at the cathode in a fuel cell

A

the electrons and the H+ion combines with the O2 to form water

49
Q

What pH is considered a safe drinking water

A

6.5 - 8.5

50
Q

What are the 4 steps of water treatment

A

pass through wire mesh to catch large solids
pass through sand and gravel to catch smaller solids
pump air through water to encourage the growth of aerobic bacteria (breaks down organic matter)
chlorine is pumped through, which kills micro organisms

51
Q

What is reverse osmosis

A

Salty water is passed through a membrane which only allows water to pass through

GCSE Chemistry (7 decks)

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