C1 Flashcards

1
Q

🇬🇧С1
an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money

A

enterprise
предприятие
Don’t forget this is a commercial enterprise - we’re here to make money.

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2
Q

🇬🇧C1
the state of feeling healthy and happy

A

well-being
благосостояние
People doing yoga benefit from an increased feeling of well-being.

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3
Q

🇬🇧C1
a piece of electrical equipment with a particular purpose in the home

A

appliance
бытовой прибор

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4
Q

🇬🇧C1
used to say that one team or person is competing against another

A

versus
vs
v (UK)

против
OK, adults versus children for football!

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5
Q

🇬🇧С1
the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something

A

distribution
сбыт
The goods have been sitting in a warehouse for months because a strike has prevented distribution.
distribution of a map showing distribution of global population
equitable distribution They aimed to achieve a more equitable distribution of resources/wealth.

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6
Q

🇬🇧C1
to not include something or someone

A

to omit
не включать, пропускать
He was omitted from the team because of his behaviour.

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7
Q

🇬🇧C1
to comfort someone and stop them from worrying

A

to reassure
заверять, увещевать
I was nervous on my first day at college, but I was reassured to see some friendly faces.

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8
Q

🇬🇧C1
a person that you have met but do not know well

A

acquaintance
/əˈkweɪn.təns/
знакомый
a business acquaintance

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9
Q

🇬🇧C1
said when someone does something or something happens that you think should have been done or have happened much sooner

A

about time
давно пора, наконец-то
It’s about time we had a female leader.

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10
Q

🇬🇧C1
knowledge that something exists, or understanding of a situation or subject at the present time based on information or experience

A

awareness
осведомленность
Environmental awareness is increasing all the time.

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11
Q

🇬🇧C1
after something else

A

subsequently
впоследствии
He was badly injured in the crash and subsequently died.

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12
Q

🇬🇧C1
used to warn someone to be very careful about something or someone

A

to beware
остерегаться
You should beware of undercooked food when staying in hot countries.

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13
Q

🇬🇧C1
to reach or succeed in getting something

A

to attain
достигать
He has attained the highest grade in his music exams.

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14
Q

🇬🇧C1
successful, usually by earning a lot of money

A

prosperous
/ˈprɒspərəs/
процветающий
In a prosperous country like this, no one should go hungry.

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15
Q

🇬🇧C1
to finish a game with the same number of points as the other person or team

A

to draw
заканчивать игру вничью
Coventry drew 1–1 with United in the semifinal.

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16
Q

🇬🇧C1
to understand something, especially something difficult

A

to grasp
понимать, усваивать
I think I managed to grasp the main points of the lecture.

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17
Q

🇬🇧C1
someone who is involved in a strike

A

striker
забастовщик
Many people sympathize with the strikers.

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18
Q

🇬🇧C1
using as few words as possible

A

in a nutshell
в двух словах
The answer, in a nutshell, is yes.
“What went wrong?” “In a nutshell, everything.”

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19
Q

🇬🇧C1
adverb
in a similar way

A

similarly
подобным образом, так же
Similarly, ask around in your office.
The children were similarly dressed.

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20
Q

🇬🇧C1
a short description of something that provides general information about it, but no details

A

overview
обзор
I’ll give you a brief overview of what the job involves.

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21
Q

🇬🇧C1
the condition of being alone, especially when this makes you feel unhappy

A

isolation
изоляция
The prisoner had been kept in isolation for three days..

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22
Q

🇬🇧C1
a piece of equipment that helps you to do something

A

aid
помощь
teaching aids, such as books and videos

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23
Q

🇬🇧C1
a person, group, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area

A

rival
соперник, конкурент
Big supermarkets can undercut all rivals, especially small high-street shops.

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24
Q

🇬🇧C1
(of meat) not cooked for very long and still red

A

rare
недожаренный, с кровью

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25
🇬🇧C1 to prepare something, usually something official, in writing
**draw up** составлять/набрасывать (план и т. д.) *We've drawn up a shortlist for the job. His first plans were drawn up in rough. The architect showed us the house plans that she had drawn up. Her will was drawn up by a solicitor and witnessed by two colleagues. **draw up a list** I've drawn up a list of candidates that I'd like to interview.*
26
🇬🇧C1 the fact that you own something
**ownership** владение *Do you have any proof of **ownership of/for** this car? Rates of home **ownership** have remained relatively constant.*
27
🇬🇧C1 a very narrow space between parts of something
**crack** трещина ***Cracks had appeared** in the dry ground. We peered through **the crack in the floorboards**. **Cracks began to show** in his façade of self-confidence.*
28
🇬🇧C1 to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received
**to impose** налагать *Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences. **be imposed on** Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes. **impose something on something** The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.*
29
🇬🇧C1 to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen
**to determine** /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/ определять *Eye colour is genetically determined.*
30
🇬🇧C1 a belief or idea
**notion** представление *Whatever gave you that notion? I have only a **vague** notion **of** what she does for a living. I don't think he has any notion of the seriousness of the situation. Dave's got some strange notion that you're only respectable if you own a piece of property. He has some fanciful notion about converting one room of his apartment into a gallery.*
31
🇬🇧C1 to strongly advise or try to persuade someone to do a particular thing
**to urge** уговаривать *Lawyers will urge the parents **to** take further legal action. Investigators urged **that** safety procedures at the site should be improved. Police urged continued vigilance in the fight against crime. The dogs are urged **into** fighting more fiercely by loud shouts from the crowd. We will continue to urge **for** leniency to be shown to these prisoners.*
32
🇬🇧C1 able to do something well
**competent** компетентный, знающий *a competent secretary/rider/cook I wouldn't say he was brilliant but he is competent **at** his job.*
33
🇬🇧C1 extremely or unpleasantly dirty
**filthy** грязный
34
🇬🇧C1 no longer new or fresh, usually as a result of being kept for too long
**stale** черствый, несвежий
35
🇬🇧C1 to cause someone to believe something that is not true
**mislead-misled-misled** вводить в заблуждение
36
🇬🇧C1 to give up something that is valuable to you in order to help another person
**sacrifice** жертва
37
🇬🇧C1 a food made from a mixture of flour, fat, and water, rolled flat and either wrapped around or put over or under other foods, and then baked
**pastry** /ˈpeɪ.stri/ выпечка
38
🇬🇧C1 an occasion when someone is allowed to leave prison, etc.
**release** освобождение
39
🇬🇧C1 having taken more money out of your bank account than the account contained, or (of a bank account) having had more money taken from it than was originally in it
**overdrawn** в минусе, превышающий кредит (в банке) *They were overdrawn by £150, so they couldn't write any cheques. The account was overdrawn.*
40
🇬🇧C1 a bomb explodes
**bomb goes off** The bomb went off at midday.
41
🇬🇧C1 взорваться, выстрелить
**go off**
42
🇬🇧C1 an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
**riot** мятеж, беспорядки Police used tear gas to put the riot down.
43
🇬🇧C1 to arrive at a place or position
**hit-hit-hit** достигать
44
🇬🇧C1 выходить на лед
**hit the ice**
45
🇬🇧C1 unfriendly and not liking something
**hostile** /ˈhɒs.taɪl/ враждебный
46
🇬🇧C1 to move around and talk to other people at a social event
**to mingle (with)** общаться
47
🇬🇧C1 a position in an organization, such as the army, showing the importance of the person having it
**rank** звание, чин, положение senior/high/junior/low rank He has just been promoted to the rank of captain.
48
🇬🇧C1 the process of replacing something with something else
**replacement** замена
49
🇬🇧C1 to pause or rest for a short time until you can breathe comfortably or regularly again
**catch your breath get your breath get your breath back** отдышаться, перевести дыхание I had to stop running to catch my breath.
50
🇬🇧C1 to understand or accept an idea or a piece of information
**take something on board** Banks need to take on board the views of their customers.
51
🇬🇧C1 having all the most recent information about a subject or activity
**up to speed** в курсе We arranged for some home tutoring to get him up to speed with the other children in his class. Before we start the meeting I'm going to bring you up to speed with the latest developments.
52
🇬🇧C1 to come to a place, move from one place to another, or move towards someone:
**come over** приходить, приезжать Come over here and I'll do your hair for you. Is your family coming over from Greece for the wedding?
53
🇬🇧C1 the activity of working together in a group with other people, especially when this is successful
**teamwork** совместная работа *Success in this **competitive** field will depend on good teamwork.*
54
🇬🇧C1 to express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people
**convey** /kənˈveɪ/ выражать, передавать, сообщать *She always **conveys** a sense of enthusiasm for her work.*
55
🇬🇧C1 any animal of which the female feeds her young on milk from her own body. Most mammals give birth to live young, not eggs
**mammal** млекопитающие *Humans, dogs, elephants, and dolphins are all **mammals**, but birds, fish, and crocodiles are not.*
56
🇬🇧C1 the fact or moment of starting to understand a situation
**realization** realisation (UK) осознание, понимание *There is a growing **realization** that education has benefits at many levels.*
57
🇬🇧C1 unable to pay what you owe, and having had control of your financial matters given, by a law court, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts
**bankrupt** обанкротившийся *He **went bankrupt** after only a year in business.*
58
🇬🇧C1 a person who is given the power to do something instead of another person, or the person whose rank is immediately below that of the leader of an organization
**deputy** заместитель, помощник *I'm **acting as deputy** while the boss is away.*
59
🇬🇧C1 to come to an opinion about something, or have a belief about something
**to perceive** воспринимать, считать *The British are often **perceived as** being very formal.*
60
🇬🇧C1 a particular way of considering something
**perspective** точка зрения *He writes **from a** Marxist **perspective**.*
61
🇬🇧C1 having a good reputation and able to be trusted
**reputable** /ˈrep.jə.tə.bəl/ уважаемый, пользующийся хорошей репутацией *a reputable organization*
62
🇬🇧C1 to improve your knowledge of something already learned but partly forgotten
**brush up (on)** освежать, восстанавливать знания *I'm trying to **brush up on** my English before I go to London.*
63
🇬🇧C1 a form of energy that comes from a nuclear reaction and that can be very dangerous to health
**radiation** радиация *Marie Curie was a Polish scientist who studied **radiation**.*
64
🇬🇧C1 a vehicle or aircraft that travels regularly between two places
**shuttle** регулярное сообщение, перевозки *To get across town, you can **take the shuttle** from Times Square to Grand Central.*
65
🇬🇧C1 related to a religion or a god
**holy** святой, священный *the holy city of Jerusalem*
66
🇬🇧C1 the fact of operating or being active
**operation** функционировать, работать *A replacement bus service is **in operation**.*
67
🇬🇧C1 a person who owns or rents a small piece of land and grows crops, keeps animals, etc. on it, especially one who has a low income, very little education, and a low social position. This is usually used of someone who lived in the past or of someone in a poor country:
**peasant** /ˈpez.ənt/ крестьянин Most of the produce sold in the market is grown by peasant farmers.
68
🇬🇧C1 the process of finding people to work for a company or become a new member of an organization
**recruitment** набор, наем
69
🇬🇧C1 better than average or better than other people or things of the same type
**superior** лучший *This car is far superior to the others.*
70
🇬🇧C1 a result or effect of an action, situation, etc.
**outcome** результат, исход *It's too early to predict **the outcome of** the meeting.*
71
🇬🇧C1 to give something to someone as their share of a total amount, to use in a particular way
**to allocate** выделять *The government **is allocating** £10 million for health education.*
72
🇬🇧C1 often or usually
**commonly** обычно *Elbow injuries are commonly found among tennis players.*
73
🇬🇧C1 being one only; single
**sole** единственный ***The sole** survivor of the accident was found in the water after six hours.*
74
🇬🇧C1 1. a space or place that is available to be used 2. a job that no one is doing and is therefore available for someone new to do
**vacancy** /ˈveɪ.kən.si/ 1.свободный номер (в гостинице) We wanted to book a hotel room in July but there were no vacancies. 2. вакансия There is a vacancy for a shop assistant on Saturdays.
75
🇬🇧C1 the ability to read and write
**literacy** грамотность *Far more resources are needed to improve adult **literacy**.*
76
🇬🇧C1 not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it
**reluctant** делающий что-либо неохотно *I was having such a good time I was reluctant to leave.*
77
🇬🇧C1 not enough
**insufficient** недостаточный *There was **insufficient** money to fund the project.*
78
🇬🇧C1 despite; not being affected by something
**regardless** независимо от чего-либо *She'll make a decision **regardless of** what we think.*
79
🇬🇧C1 knowing a lot
**knowledgeable** хорошо осведомленный *He's very **knowledgeable** about German literature.*
80
🇬🇧C1 to give a particular job or piece of work to someone
**to assign** поручать *The case has been **assigned to** our most senior officer.*
81
🇬🇧C1 a situation in which something no longer exists
**extinction** вымирание, исчезновение ***The extinction of** the dinosaurs occurred millions of years ago. Many species of plants and animals are **in danger of extinction** (= being destroyed so that they no longer exist).*
82
🇬🇧C1 to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something
**to evaluate** оценивать, определять (качество, количество и т. д.) *It's impossible **to evaluate these results** without knowing more about the research methods employed.*
83
🇬🇧C1 you must do it because of a rule or law, etc.
**obligatory** /əˈblɪɡ.ə.tər.i/ обязательный, необходимый The medical examination before you start work is obligatory.
84
🇬🇧C1 not happening or done often or regularly
**occasional** случающийся иногда, нерегулярный I play the occasional game of tennis.
85
🇬🇧C1 the act of pausing before doing something, especially because you are nervous or not certain
**hesitation** нерешительность, сомнение After a moment's hesitation, he unlocked the door. After a slight hesitation, she began to speak. Any hesitation on the part of the government will be seen as weakness. hesitation in formal I have no hesitation in recommending Ms Shapur for the job.
86
🇬🇧C1 to give something and be given something else instead
**to swap** /swop/ обмениваться Would you mind swapping places with me? When you've finished reading your book, and I've finished mine, can we swap? We swapped addresses with the people we met on holiday. When he got a job in a bank, he had to swap his jeans and T-shirt for a suit (= he had to wear formal clothes instead of informal ones). [ + two objects ] I'll swap you my chocolate bar for your peanuts. We spent the evening swapping (= telling each other) stories/jokes.
87
🇬🇧C1 suitable or safe for eating
**edible** съедобный edible berries Only the leaves of the plant are edible. I like to decorate my salads with edible flowers. Here are some great ideas for edible gifts.
88
🇬🇧C1 a building or place that is easily recognized, especially one that you can use to judge where you are
**landmark** архитектурный памятник, ориентир веха, поворотный пункт The Rock of Gibraltar is one of Europe's most famous landmarks.
89
🇬🇧C1 an activity starts again after a pause
**to resume** возобновлять(ся) I resumed my dance classes. The talks are due to resume today. Normal services will be resumed in the spring. [ + -ing verb ] He stopped to take a sip of water and then resumed speaking. The talks are due to resume today.
90
🇬🇧C1 to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change
**to undergo** переносить, подвергаться *The country is currently undergoing major political change. He is undergoing surgery for a heart problem. She underwent an operation on a tumour in her left lung last year. Playing board games is undergoing a revival in popularity. He seems to have undergone a change in attitude recently, and has become much more co-operative. After the accident, he underwent reconstructive surgery to rebuild his face. I had to undergo a medical examination when I started my pension scheme. Athletes must undergo a mandatory drugs test before competing in the championship. The company is undergoing a radical reorganization.*
91
🇬🇧C1 existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time
**prior** предварительный, прежний *The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish. They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of a prior **engagement** (= something already planned for that time).*
92
🇬🇧C1 only and not involving anyone or anything else
**solely** /ˈsəʊl.li/ исключительно *It's solely for your use. I bought it solely for that purpose. He's solely in charge of the operation. It seems he's not solely to blame for the accident. It must be strange to be celebrated solely for your beauty. The product's success cannot be attributable solely to the ads. The screening is carried out solely for the benefit of the individual. The administration's energy plan is focused solely on drilling for oil.*
93
🇬🇧C1 Something that is gripping is so interesting or exciting that it holds your attention completely
**gripping** захватывающий I found the book so gripping that I couldn't put it down.
94
🇬🇧C1 the way in which someone usually holds their shoulders, neck, and back, or a particular position in which someone stands, sits, etc.
**posture** осанка *She's got very good/bad posture. He always adopts/assumes (= moves into) the same posture for the cameras.*
95
🇬🇧C1 to change food in your stomach into substances that your body can use
**to digest** переваривать (пищу) I find that I don't digest meat easily. Sit still and allow your meal to digest. Fewer examples The adult owls feed their young with food which they've already partly digested. Don't rush off - let's just sit here a while and digest our food. How can you expect to digest your food properly when you eat your meals so fast? The snake lay absolutely motionless for hours as it digested its meal. Meat-eaters must produce extensive bile acids in their intestines to properly digest the meat that they eat.
96
🇬🇧C1 the activity of guessing possible answers to a question without having enough information to be certain
**speculation** предположение, домысел [ + that ] She has dismissed the claims as pure speculation. Rumours that they are about to marry have been dismissed as pure speculation. Speculation about his future plans is rife. [ + that ] News of the president's illness fuelled/prompted speculation that an election will be held later in the year. Fewer examples He had tried to damp down speculation about the state of his marriage. Her resignation ends months of speculation about her future. The statement excited new speculation that a senior minister may be about to resign. The prime minister's speech fuelled speculation that she is about to resign. The minister dismissed the newspaper reports as pure speculation.
97
🇬🇧C1 the process of judging or calculating the quality, importance, amount, or value of something
**evaluation** оценивать, определять (качество, количество и т. д.) *Evaluation of this new treatment cannot take place until all the data has been collected. Part of the rankings include evaluations by three administrators of other colleges in the same category.*
98
🇬🇧C1 not easily satisfied and demanding that close attention should be given to every detail
**particular** привередливый *She's very particular about what she eats. Teenagers are very particular about the clothes they'll wear. He's very particular about the kitchen - everything has to be perfectly clean and in its place.*
99
🇬🇧C1 based on clear thought and reason
**rational** разумный, рациональный *a rational **act/course of action** a rational **argument/decision** He was too upset to be rational. I'm sure there's a perfectly rational **explanation** for it. In that state of mind you can't make a rational decision. There must be some rational explanation for what happened. Adrenalin blocks out all rational thought. He has a very rational way of looking at things. Let's wait till we can have a rational discussion.*
100
🇬🇧C1 before a particular time or event
**prior to sth** до, перед *the weeks prior to her death I was trying to finish up my work prior to the trip. He has to send his film scripts for government approval prior to shooting. He lived in Boston prior to his arrest. You should talk to a doctor prior to undertaking any strenuous exercise regime.*
101
🇬🇧C1 to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
**to neglect** не заботиться, пренебрегать *to neglect your appearance/the house He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention. She's been neglecting her studies this semester.*
102
🇬🇧C1 putting a lot of effort into your work
**conscientious** /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/ добросовестный *a conscientious student*
103
🇬🇧C1 to have an influence on something
**impact** влиять *Rising interest rates are sure to impact on the housing market. **impact (on)** Falling export rates have impacted (on) the country's economy quite considerably.*
104
🇬🇧C1 to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them
**absorb** усваивать *It's hard to absorb so much information.*
105
🇬🇧C1 UK usually forthcoming happening soon
**upcoming** предстоящий *Tickets are selling well for the group's upcoming concert tour. Party officials met to nominate candidates for the upcoming election. Check the website for a calendar of upcoming events. The company's upcoming flotation on the stock market illustrates the good health of the technology sector.*
106
🇬🇧C1 to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something
**to enhance** улучшать, усиливать *Pictures can then be enhanced on a pc. It's things like this that enhance the quality of life. Winning that award greatly enhanced her reputation. The latest revelation certainly won't enhance her image. These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation. Smart personnel practices enhance the value of a company and its stock. A number of our clients want to look younger to enhance their career prospects.*
107
🇬🇧C1 to make a choice, especially of one thing or possibility instead of others
**to opt** делать выбор, предпочитать Mike opted for early retirement. Most people opt **to** have the operation.
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🇬🇧C1 to try to do something
**to endeavour** US endeavor /enˈdev.ər/ прилагать усилия, стараться *I endeavoured **to** help her, but she wouldn't let me. Engineers are endeavouring **to** locate the source of the problem.*
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🇬🇧C1 unwilling or unable to stay still or to be quiet and calm, because you are worried or bored
**restless** беспокойный, нетерпеливый непоседливый After a while in the same relationship I start to get restless. He's a restless type - he never stays in one country for long. She spent a restless night (= she did not sleep well), tossing and turning. The audience was getting restless.
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🇬🇧C1 formal the quality of being good and deserving praise
merit /ˈmer.ɪt/ заслуга, достоинство His ideas have merit. We debated the merits of using television in the classroom. Every application has to be judged on its own merits (= judged by considering the qualities of each). an entertaining film with little artistic merit Brierley's book has the merit of being both informative and readable.
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🇬🇧C1 happening after something else
**subsequent** последующий, более поздний *The mistakes were corrected in a subsequent edition of the book. The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from politics. Those explosions must have been subsequent **to** our departure, because we didn't hear anything.*
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🇨🇳C1 adjective certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented
inevitable /ɪˈnev.ɪ.tə.bəl/ неизбежный It was inevitable that his crime would be discovered. The accident was the inevitable consequence/result/outcome of carelessness.
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🇬🇧C1 verb (STOP) to stop something from being active, either temporarily or permanently
**to suspend** откладывать, приостанавливать The semifinal was suspended because of bad weather. The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather. The country's president has suspended the constitution and assumed total power. When you go to the theatre, you have to be willing to suspend **disbelief** (= to act as if you believe that what you are seeing is real or true, although you know that it is not). I'm suspending **judgment** (= not forming an opinion) on the book I'm reading until I've finished it. Mr Young was given a six-month jail **sentence**, suspended for two years (= if he commits another crime within two years, he will have to go to prison for six months for his original crime).
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🇬🇧C1 verb to express the most important facts or ideas about something or someone in a short and clear form
**to summarize** *I'll just summarize the main points of the argument in a few words. To summarize, we believe the company cannot continue in its present form. She began to summarize the salient features/points of the proposal. Can you summarize what it is that makes you think you would be suitable for this job? He summarized the main points from the meeting. Let’s summarise This document summarizes all the previous reports.*
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🇬🇧C1 verb to have or show a strong feeling of respect and admiration for God or a god
**worship** поклоняться On the island the people worshipped different gods.
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🇬🇧C1 noun the need for something
**necessity** необходимость There's no financial necessity for her to work. You can come early if you want to, but there's no necessity for it.
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🇬🇧C1 phrasal verb to get rid of someone or something or deal with something so that the matter is finished: How did they dispose of the body?
**dispose of** sth/sb избавляться от How did they dispose of the body?
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🇬🇧C1 noun the activity of selling goods to the public, usually in shops
**retail** розничная торговля The job is open to applicants with over two years' experience in retail.
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🇬🇧C1 verb to end a speech, meeting, or piece of writing
**conclude** заканчивать, завершать concluded with concluded by Before I conclude, I'd like to thank you all for coming.
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🇬🇧C1 noun a mathematical statement in which you show that two amounts are equal using mathematical symbols
**equation** /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ уравнение In the equation 3x - 3 = 15, x = 6. The students were learning to solve simple equations, such as 6 + x = 18.
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🇬🇧C1 adverb in a way that is similar to, connected with, or caused by something else
**correspondingly** соответственно Life in the city is more expensive, but salaries are correspondingly higher.
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🇬🇧C1 noun strong, unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke: exhaust fumes
**fumes** дым, копоть Petrol fumes always make me feel ill.