C1 Flashcards
Summarize the Daltons Model of the Atom
Atoms are tiny spheres that cannot be broken down.
Summarize the Plum Pudding Model
The atom is a ball of spread out positive charge with negative electrons embedded into it
Summarize the Nuclear Model
The atom is a ball of spread out positive charge with negative electrons embedded into it
Summarize the Electron Shell Model (Bohr Model)
Electrons orbit the nucleus at a fixed energy level
What are the beliefs of Protons and Neutrons
The nucleus consists of protons which have a positive charge and neutrons which have no charge
What is the radius of an atom
1x 10-10m
What is the radius of an Nucleus
1 x 10-14 m
If a substance is made up of one type of atom what is it called?
An element
What does Atomic Number tell us
Amount of Protons in an atom
What does Mass number tell us
Number of Protons and neutrons
How do we work out the number of neutrons in an atom
mass number - atomic number
What is an isotope
Two of the same atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
how do we work out relative atomic mass of an isotope
(Abundance of isotope 1 x Mass of isotope 1) + (Abundance of isotope 2 x Mass of isotope 2)
÷100
In terms of electrons, what is the difference between the plum pudding and the nuclear model?
Electrons in the Plum Pudding Model are ‘embedded inside the atom’. Nuclear model, the Electrons are orbiting on outer shells
What are 2 different atoms chemically bonded together called?
A compound
Name Separation techniques
Paper Chromatography, Filtration, Crystallisation, Distillation, Fractional Distillation
What does Paper chromatography separate
Soluble substances from a mixture using a suitable solvent For example (Dyes in an ink)
What does Filtration separate
Insoluble solids from a liquid For Example (Sand from Water)
What does crystallization separate
Soluble substances from a solution For example (Salt from Saltwater)
What does distillation separate
Liquids from solutions For Example (Water from Saltwater)
What does Fractional Distillation separate
A mixture of liquids due to the liquids having different boiling points. For Example (Ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water, Fractions in Crude oil)
What does it mean if the symbols are in brackets
If symbols are in brackets, then you must multiply everything in the brackets by the little number that follows them. For example:
Mg(OH)2 has one magnesium atom. The O and H are in brackets so must be multiplied by 2.
What is Conservation of Mass
In any chemical reaction, the atoms are neither created nor destroyed. It does not matter whether the reaction is hot or cold, the atoms cannot be created or destroyed. But they are rearranged.
How is the Table of Elements arranged
By Atomic Number
Why do elements in the same group have similar properties
Because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shells
Metals all ____ their outer shell electrons to form a positive ion
Lose
Non-Metals will ____ electrons to form a stable outer shell when reacting with metals to form a negative ion
Gain
Positive and negative ions will be electrostatically attracted and form an _____ bond between the ions.
Ionic
Group 1 metals are known as what
Alkali Metals
Alkali Metals react with
Oxygen to form oxides
Chlorine to form chlorides
Water to form hydroxides
In which direction do group 1 metals increase in reactivity
They increase in reactivity going down the group
In order to react, the metal needs to lose an electron. The easier it is to lose, the more ________ it will be
Reactive
Group 7 elements are also known as the
Halogens
What are Halogens
They are reactive non-metals that form as diatomic (two atoms joined together by sharing electrons (we call this a COVALENT bond).
In which direction does the reactivity of Group 7 elements increase and why
The reactivity of the halogens increases up the group
In order to react, the halogen needs to gain an electron. The easier it is to gain, the more reactive it will be.
Closer the outer shell to the nucleus, easier for the atom to gain an electron
What are Group 0 Elements known as
The Noble gases
They have full outer shells which means they do not need to gain or lose electrons. They all have 8 electrons in the outer shell, EXCEPT FOR HELIUM WHICH ONLY HAS 2.
Why do the Noble gases not react with other elements
They have full outer shell and unlike other gases, they exist naturally as single atoms
In which direction does the boiling point of Noble Gases increase
Going down the group
What are the transition metals
The metals in between group 2 and group 3
They share similar physical properties with other metals, such as: they conduct electricity in both liquid and solid state and they are often shiny.
How do the Alkali metals react with Oxygen
React quickly with Oxygen in the air at room temperature.
How do the Alkali metals react with Water
React vigorously with cold water.
How do the Alkali Metals react with the Halogens
React vigorously with the halogens.
How do the Transition Metals react with Oxygen
Most react slowly or not at all. Some transition metals such as Copper or Iron react with Oxygen on heating.
How do the Transition Metals react with Water
Iron reacts slowly with water and Oxygen to form hydrated Iron (III) oxide, or rust.
How do the Transition Metals react with The Halogens
Some transition metals, such as Iron react with halogens.
What are some Transition Metals used for
Used in catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being used up. Eg/ Manganese (VI) Oxide increases the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water.
Do the metals in group 1 of the periodic table have a high or a low density?
Low
