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AAI > C. Pharmaceutics > Flashcards

C. Pharmaceutics Flashcards

1
Q

for doses to be effective

A

Deposit in appropriate region
right quantity
cross barriers and defence mechanisms

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2
Q

inertial impaction mechanism

A

bigger particles deposit quickly in the upper airways due to higher inertia
scales with mass

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3
Q

sedimentation mechanism

A

gravity can pull particles to airway surface

scales with mass

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4
Q

aerodynamic diameter

A

a particle can be more than 10 microns but behave as 3 microns, due to less daer

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5
Q

interception mechanism

A

particles contact airway surface due to the size/shape

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6
Q

Respirable fraction

A

percentage of particle that are less than 5 um, hence likely to be deposited.

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7
Q

sizing of particles in inhaled products

A

Microscopy (labour intensive)
laser diffraction
aerosizer

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8
Q

Microscopy

A

electron or optical
need to be aware of irregular 3d particles when observing
good observation for shape
difference between projected area diameter and projected perimeter diameter

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9
Q

laser diffraction

A

measures light diffraction pattern - size

assumes spherical particle

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10
Q

aerosizer

A

measures time particle needs to move through laser
small particle - faster
0.2-700 microns

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11
Q

impaction methods of measuring aerodynamic diameter

A

predict site of deposition in lung

using inertial impaction mechanism

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12
Q

Twin liquid impinger in seperating large and small particles cut off-6.4 microns

A

two stages
cheap, simple
BP accepted but not USP

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13
Q

Andersen cascade impactor

or Next generation impactor

A

8 stages
size distribution information
labour intensive
accepted by BP and USP

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14
Q

Eye drug delivery lecture

A

anterior and posterior segments completely separated.

tear film three layers, lipid, aqueous, mucin.

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15
Q

if disease is before cornea can be treated with eyedrops

A

behind cornea only 1-5% can be absorbed

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16
Q

reason why low absorption in anterior segment

A 
tear drainage (drug diluted)
absorption into system circulation 
protein binding in tear film
corneal barrier (drug has to have correct hydro-lipo philicity)
17
Q

Eye drops

A 
solution- free of particles
suspension- particles less than 50 microns
ph 7.4
isotonic
sterile using preservatives max 10 ml
18
Q

eye ointments

A

dispersed in semi-solid greasy base
max 50 micron particles
no preservatives as no water

19
Q

Nasal drug delivery lecture

A

Regions: Vestibule, Atrium, Turbinates, olfactory, nasopharynx
Turbinates (warm, humidify, filter air) increase SA

20
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated and non ciliated cells, goblet, basal cells
mucus
vascularised
large SA - rapid absorption

21
Q

advantages in nasal delivery

A 
easy acces
non invasive
avoid GI tract
rapid absorption
easy formulation
22
Q

limitations of nasal delivery

A

small cavity
mucociliary clearance - 15-20 min
high cyp450 and proteases
systemic side effects

23
Q

Nasal sprays

A

particles > 50 microns
easier to administer
must be: aqueous, isotonic, physiological pH.

24
Q

INHALERS 3

A

nEBULISER - aqueous solution
Pressurised meted dose inhalers (pMDI) liquified gas
Dry powder inhalers

25
Q

Nebulisers

A

Jet: air forced through a narrow hole

ultrasonic (portable): piezoelectric crystals

26
Q

Nebuliseer advantage

A 
aqueous (simple for soluble drugs)
no hand lung coordination
large doses
inhalaiton manoeuvre not needed
low cost
27
Q

Disadvantages nebuliser

A

not protable yet
long time
low efficiency (10% reaches lungs)
micorbial contamination

28
Q

`pMDI

A

inhaler label
container: strong(pressure), robust, light, inert.
propellant: liquid under pressure - gas in atmospheric, vapour pressure needs to be constant, nonflammable, inert.
Hydro fluoroalkanes (HFA)

29
Q

drug aspects

A

dose 5microns - 5 mg

particle size reduction needed - to deposit

30
Q

problems with suspensios

A

sedimentation
flocculation (reversible)
caking
ostwald ripening

31
Q

pMDI advantage

A 
portable
multidose
consistent formation and operation for all typees
inexpensive
dose uniformity
32
Q

pMDI Disadvantages

A 
no breath actuation
low lung deposition
no dose counter on most
low doses
priming before use
33
Q

DPIs

A

drug more stable in dry form rather than in suspension

dose not constant - vary patient to patient

34
Q

main issues

A

<5 microns are cohesive, hard to separate

moisture increase agglomeration

35
Q

types os DPI

A

unit
multiple unit
reservoir

36
Q

types of DPI

A

unit
multiple unit
reservoir

37
Q

Disadvantages

A

Breath actuated(depend on patient effort)
different designs
humidity affected
expensive

AAI (4 decks)

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