C/P

Question 1

Decay

Answer 1

Fission: add a neutron (1/0 n)

Alpha decay: lose 4/2 He 2+
B+ decay: proton converted to neutron and positron (0/1 B)
B- decay: neutron converted to proton and electron (0/-1 B)
Gamma decay: emit gamma ray, no change in nucleus

Question 2

Water redox

Answer 2

Anode: Ox
2 H2O → 4H+ + 4e- + O2

Cathode: Red
2 H2O +2e− → H2 + 2 OH−

Question 3

Iron rxns

Answer 3

iron reacts w/ acid to form H2 (g)

iron does not react w/ bases or water unless you react with oxygen first (forms rust)

Question 4

STP

Answer 4

gas law, 0 degrees - exclusively for gases

vs Std conditions for thermo and electrochem at 25 C

Question 5

Liquid water…

Answer 5

will ALWAYS have ions in solution (Kw- dissociation)

Question 6

gel filtration column

Answer 6

column = BEADS
=large elutes first
small stuck in porous beads

Question 7

Electrophilic Addition

Answer 7

adding to double or triple bonds

Question 8

resistivity

Answer 8

resisting power
inverse of conductivity
air has a high resistivity, more than water

Question 9

Electroperception

Answer 9

Electric field- electrons flowing high to low density

• low resistivity env (like water, not air)
• saltwater > freshwater, higher conductance
• detect closer objects better (strong electric field)

Question 10

Optics - human eye

Answer 10

if an object is at an infinite distance from the eye, the distance between the image and the lens should be the same as the focal length
-object further than focal length= real image, behind lens, at retina

Question 11

Chromatic abberation

Answer 11

• inability of lens to focus all colors/wavelengths at same point, due to dispersion/varying refractive indices
• mirrors’ reflection is all the same, it just depends on incident angle = no chromatic abberation

Question 12

A mirror absorbs

Answer 12

less light than a lens
-this makes lens images dimmer

mirrors are easier to grind than lenses
temperature changes affect lenses more than mirrors

Question 13

Red vs Blue - lens

Answer 13

blue has a higher refractive index

n1 sin theta1 = n2 sin theta2 —-Snell’s Law

Bend towards normal

Light travels faster in lower refractive index medium

ray glass to air: higher to lower n = bend away from the normal

lower n = greater speed

Question 14

Grignard

Answer 14

CH3-MgBr

Turn carbonyl into -OH an -CH3

Question 15

Lipids

Answer 15

• steroids
• waxes
• terpenes
• carotenoids- conjugated, benzenes

Bases saponify TAG’s
heat does not denature FA’s

Question 16

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 16

P = pgh

density * g * h

Question 17

IR patterns

Answer 17

Carbonyl = sharp peak at 1700 cm^-1
OH = broad peak at 3300
C-H stretch = 2850 peak
many peaks below fingerprint region at 1500

Question 18

Proton NMR’s

Answer 18

Upfield = right, downfield = left
upfield = 1-2.5 ppm = methyl groups

sharp singlet at 9 ppm = aldehyde

*see IR and NMR numbers

Question 19

transesterification

Answer 19

Ester + Alkoxy/alcohol

Saponification = R-COOR (TAG) + NaOH -> fatty acid salt

OH- attacks carbonyl, leaving R-COOH and RO-, and alkoxy deprotonates RCOOH to form fatty acid salt

Question 20

monoester of glycerol

Answer 20

diols

-remove 2 fatty acid groups off of TAG

Question 21

G and K relationship

Answer 21

G = -RT*lnKeq

Keq = e^-G/RT

Question 22

Arrhenious equation

Answer 22

k=Ae^-Ea/RT

Question 23

Cross linkage

Answer 23

disulfide bonds

Question 24

Cross linkage

Answer 24

disulfide bonds

Question 25

WA + SB

Answer 25

WB

Question 26

Tautomerization

Answer 26

constitutional isomers

• move alpha H and DB
• keto-enol

Question 27

Ecell = Ered - Eox

Answer 27

more negative Ered = better reducing agent = gets oxidized

-in stomach, Fe + HCl -> FeCl2 means Fe gets oxidized means reducing agent = want more negative E