B/B

Question 1

glycerol

Answer 1

makes glucose in gluconeogenesis

Question 2

nutrient deprivaton

Answer 2

-constant glucagon secretion

• glycogen stores used 10-18 hours
• gluconeogenesis done by liver- lose protein
• —first w/ glycolysis, after 18 hours exclusively for BRAIN (Direct effect = muscle breakdown)
• overall state of starvation = excess Acetyl CoA = eventually rise in ketone bodies- later reduces need of gluconeogenesis

-constant low insulin = muscles and tissues uptake less glucose = stop TAG and protein synthesis

Question 3

Skeletal myocytes

Answer 3

• incapable of mitosis
• repair by myosatellite cells (quiescent/dormant stem cells)- differentiate to myoblasts and form muscle fibers when needed

Question 4

serosal membrane

Answer 4

basolateral membrane

Question 5

apical membrane

Answer 5

luminal membrane

Question 6

serous membrane

Answer 6

smooth membrane on outer wall of organs in abdominal cavity-mesothelial cells

Question 7

intestinal Na/K pump

Answer 7

at basolateral membrane

Question 8

Digestive system + Sympathetic NS

Answer 8

• decrease blood flow
• decrease water reabsorption
• inhibit peristalsis

-even though retain more water by decreasing absorption, no diarrhea b/c inhibit peristalsis too- food sit there = actually still more likely for constipation than diarrhea

Question 9

pI

Answer 9

neutral = 6

SIDE CHAINS

• Asp = 3.7, Glu = 4.2
• His = 6
• Cys = 8
• Tyr = 10, Lys = 10
• Arg = 12

Question 10

Eukaryotic fatty acids

Answer 10

• even # C’s

- DB’s are cis, not trans

Question 11

Oocyte

Answer 11

• primary oocyte arrested in prophase 1
• ovulation
• secondary oocyte arrested in prophase 2
• fertilization
• complete meiosis
• zygote lysosomes from egg; everything from egg
• sperm only gives haploid genetic info + centrioles
• polyspermy is blocked by a release of Ca2+ ions
• zygote divides before it grows

Question 12

RBC’s

Answer 12

• hemolysis releases intracellular components like K+
• when RBC’s make HCO3- it immediately diffuses into plasma
• lack mitochondria = lactic acid fermentation

Question 13

hybrid breakdown

Answer 13

• crossing 2 dif but related species
• F1 is fertile and viable
• F2 is less fit
• backcross may also be less fit (F1 w/ parent or parent genotype)

Question 14

Cold tolerance

Answer 14

• increase membrane fluidity

- CHOLESTEROL

Question 15

induction

Answer 15

embryology process where presence of one tissue influences development of other tissues

Question 16

delta G

Answer 16

G = -RTlnK
ln 1 = 0 and ln e = 1

K = 1 at equilibrium so fwd and rev rxn rates are the same
this does not mean [PDTs] = [reac’s] so you can calculate a value of Keq still

Question 17

GTP is used by

Answer 17

• translation
• GPCR’s
• gluconeogenesis

glycogenolysis uses Pi

glycolysis uses ATP to trap glucose
glycogenesis also uses ATP to trap glucose

Question 18

if you have more bases that are complementary

Answer 18

they will

Question 19

hybridization

Answer 19

used in PCR

complementary base pairing to form dsDNA or dsRNA

Question 20

homotropic and heterotropic effectors

Answer 20

A + B –> C using enzyme D

A and B are enzyme substrates so if they bind to and affect activity of enzyme D, they’re homotropic effectors

a random effector Y which influences enzyme D would be heterotropic

Question 21

integumentary system

Answer 21

hair, skin, nails

• protect against infection
• thermoregulation (sweat glands, capillaries)
• regulate water movement (epidermis is relatively impermeable)

Question 22

tRNA cloverleaf

Answer 22

SECONDARY structure

anticodon attaches 3’ to 5’ and aa is at 3’ CCA-OH