B/B Flashcards
glycerol
makes glucose in gluconeogenesis
nutrient deprivaton
-constant glucagon secretion
- glycogen stores used 10-18 hours
- gluconeogenesis done by liver- lose protein
- —first w/ glycolysis, after 18 hours exclusively for BRAIN (Direct effect = muscle breakdown)
- overall state of starvation = excess Acetyl CoA = eventually rise in ketone bodies- later reduces need of gluconeogenesis
-constant low insulin = muscles and tissues uptake less glucose = stop TAG and protein synthesis
Skeletal myocytes
- incapable of mitosis
- repair by myosatellite cells (quiescent/dormant stem cells)- differentiate to myoblasts and form muscle fibers when needed
serosal membrane
basolateral membrane
apical membrane
luminal membrane
serous membrane
smooth membrane on outer wall of organs in abdominal cavity-mesothelial cells
intestinal Na/K pump
at basolateral membrane
Digestive system + Sympathetic NS
- decrease blood flow
- decrease water reabsorption
- inhibit peristalsis
-even though retain more water by decreasing absorption, no diarrhea b/c inhibit peristalsis too- food sit there = actually still more likely for constipation than diarrhea
pI
neutral = 6
SIDE CHAINS
- Asp = 3.7, Glu = 4.2
- His = 6
- Cys = 8
- Tyr = 10, Lys = 10
- Arg = 12
Eukaryotic fatty acids
- even # C’s
- DB’s are cis, not trans
Oocyte
- primary oocyte arrested in prophase 1
- ovulation
- secondary oocyte arrested in prophase 2
- fertilization
- complete meiosis
- zygote lysosomes from egg; everything from egg
- sperm only gives haploid genetic info + centrioles
- polyspermy is blocked by a release of Ca2+ ions
- zygote divides before it grows
RBC’s
- hemolysis releases intracellular components like K+
- when RBC’s make HCO3- it immediately diffuses into plasma
- lack mitochondria = lactic acid fermentation
hybrid breakdown
- crossing 2 dif but related species
- F1 is fertile and viable
- F2 is less fit
- backcross may also be less fit (F1 w/ parent or parent genotype)
Cold tolerance
- increase membrane fluidity
- CHOLESTEROL
induction
embryology process where presence of one tissue influences development of other tissues
delta G
G = -RTlnK
ln 1 = 0 and ln e = 1
K = 1 at equilibrium so fwd and rev rxn rates are the same
this does not mean [PDTs] = [reac’s] so you can calculate a value of Keq still
GTP is used by
- translation
- GPCR’s
- gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis uses Pi
glycolysis uses ATP to trap glucose
glycogenesis also uses ATP to trap glucose
if you have more bases that are complementary
they will
hybridization
used in PCR
complementary base pairing to form dsDNA or dsRNA
homotropic and heterotropic effectors
A + B –> C using enzyme D
A and B are enzyme substrates so if they bind to and affect activity of enzyme D, they’re homotropic effectors
a random effector Y which influences enzyme D would be heterotropic
integumentary system
hair, skin, nails
- protect against infection
- thermoregulation (sweat glands, capillaries)
- regulate water movement (epidermis is relatively impermeable)
tRNA cloverleaf
SECONDARY structure
anticodon attaches 3’ to 5’ and aa is at 3’ CCA-OH
