C+D Trends and Statistics Flashcards
what did sutherland say about offending rates
Crime statistics have a higher incidence
in the lower socio-economic class and a low incidence in the
upper socio-economic class
what did Glueck and Glueck say about offending rates
in the first half the the 20th century
statistics indicated that a disproportionate percentage of the
prison population were poor, uneducated and unemployed
what did walmsley et al say about offending rates
disproportionate number of
prisoners had formerly been employed in unskilled or partly
skilled work
what did william et al say about offending rates
found that other factors found
more frequently in the prison population included those
who have run away from home; experiencing violence;
and/or drug and alcohol misuse within the family;
regularly truanting from school; being excluded from
school; and having no qualification
what did cavadino and dignan say about offending rates
The difference
between the classes get magnified reasons included the
types of offences committed but also class bias at
various stages of the criminal justice process
what is blue collar crime
crimes that cause
injury to people or property, such
as street crimes, sex crimes, assault,
and drug crimes.
what is white collar crime
referred to those
crimes committed by individuals with a
higher social status or upper-level
occupation. Crimes which are generally
committed in a business setting and are
considered to be non-violent, such as wire
fraud, forgery, embezzlement
what is sutherland and cresseys theory of differential association
relates to the
frequency of exposure to deviant
definitions. For example, criminal
practices may become the
cultural norm amongst people in
some businesses and some may
see their behaviour as appropriate
what did sutherland say about white ad blue collar crimes
Crime is not necessarily a
working class phenomenon but the cost of
white collar crime was likely to be much
greater then the cost of blue collar crime
what did hughes and langan say about white and blue collar crimes
white collar
crimes are much less visible, and they are
sometimes called victimless crimes because
they may not be no individual victim. This
results in an inequality in perceptions of the
typical criminal and in the likelihood of
conviction for those committing white collar
crimes.
what did croall say about white and blue collar crimes
corporate crimes are
potentially much more damaging to greater
numbers of people than are street crimes and
yet street crimes have a higher profile and are
much more likely to result in convictions and
imprisonment for the offender
what did young say about victimisation and social class
‘myth of the equal victim’
suggested that certain groups, such as the
poor, are hit much harder when they
become a victim so not all victims are equal
what did kinsey say about victimisation and social class
Merseyside Crime Survey (1984)
found that the poor suffer more than the
wealthy from the effects of crime
what do police recorded crime figures show about gender and offence rates
males
commit around 80% of all
offences.
Statistics from 2011 show women
accounted for 5% of the total
prison population
what did hammer and saunders say about victimisation and domestic abuse
carried out unstructured interviews
with women in one street in Leeds,
and found that 20% of the women
there had been sexually assaulted
and not reported it
what did stanko say about victimisation and domestic abuse
found that over
one 24 hour period, an incident of
domestic violence was reported
every second. Yet, very few of
these led to an arrest
what did walklate say about victimisation and domestic abuse
considered
repeat victimisation and the
reasons why women often remain
in an abusive relationship
what do police recorded crime stats suggest about age and offending
Police recorded crime statistics
suggest that young people are more
likely to offend than adults
Young people aged 10-17 are
responsible from a minority of
incidents of police recorded crime
(23% in 2010)
This represents a disproportionate
amount of crime given that they only
account for roughly 10% of the population
what are the gender differences in youth offending
Males aged 10-17 were found
to be responsible for 20% of all
police recorded crime in 2009-
10 and young women
responsible for only 3%.
Juvenile offenders are more
likely than adult offenders to
receive a caution rather than a
conviction for their first
offence, with females (83%)
more likely to receive a youth
caution than males (75%) in
2013
what did soothill find when researching age and crime
found the
peak age of conviction for some
crimes, such as burglary, to be
around 16 or less, whereas motoring
and drug offences peaked between
21-25 before declining
what did the ministry of justice find about stop and searches
Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic
people were over 4 times more likely
to be stopped and searched than
White people; for Black people
specifically, this was almost 9 times
more likely
what did bowling and phillips find about arrests
point out that the
Crown Prosecution Service is more likely to drop
cases put forward by the police involving black suspect
what is green crime
Green crime is any criminal activity
that affects the environment
what did franko aas say about green crime
Green crime
demonstrates the intersection of the
local and the global – local
environmental harm is often the
product of a chain of geographically
dispersed events and activities
