(C) Biological Safety Flashcards
What are the three principle routes of organism transmission?
Contact, droplet, and airborne.
Define direct transmission.
Occurs when microorganisms are transferred from one infected person to another person without a contaminated intermediate object or person.
After touching an infected or colonized body site on a patient or a contaminated inanimate object and hand hygiene is not performed before touching another patient is an example of what type of contact transmission.
Indirect transmission.
Define droplet transmission.
Respiratory droplets carrying infectious agents are transmitted directly from the respiratory tract of the infectious individual to susceptible mucosal surface of the recipient.
Disease transmission when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks is an example of what type of transmission?
Droplet transmission.
Define airborne transmission.
Airborne transmission occurs when infectious agents travel in droplets nuclei that become aerosolized and are inhaled.
Define Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP).
Microorganisms that are present in human blood and body fluids that can cause disease in humans.
What two body fluids are not considered infectious?
Urine and tears.
Define the Percutaneous mode of transmission of BBP.
Direct inoculation of blood/OPIM by piercing through the skin barrier (needlestick).
Define the Mucocutaneous mode of transmission of BBP.
Exposure of blood or OPIM to mucous membranes (splashes) or non-intact skin (pre-existing lesions).
The goal of the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogen Standard is to eliminate or minimize occupational exposure to…
Hep B, Hep C, HIV, and other bloodborne pathogens.
An Exposure Control Plan (ECP) includes…
- Methods of compliance to the BBP standard
- Communication of hazards to employees
- Hep B vaccination
- Post exposure evaluation
What virus is relatively easy to transmit via blood exposure; 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV.
Hep B.
What disease can survive outside the body for at least 7 days?
Hep B.
Define biosafety.
Application of safety practices that reduce the risk of an exposure to a potentially infectious microbe and limit contamination of the work environment.
Define biosafety level.
Set of bio-containment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents.
How is the biosafety level determined.
Based on degree of risk posed by the materials and the activities that are done with the materials.
Define biosafety level 1.
Low-risk organisms. Agents not known to cause disease in healthy adults.
Define biosafety level 2.
Pathogenic organisms. Transmitted via percutaneous, ingestion, or mucous membrane exposure.
Define biosafety level 3.
Pathogenic organisms. Indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease, transmitted generally through inhalation.
Define biosafety level 4.
Dangerous/exotic agents posing high individual risk of frequently fatal infections, usually by the aerosol route. No known vaccines or treatments are available.
Define Universal Precaution.
Approach to infection control in which all human blood and certain body fluids are treated as if they are known to be infectious.
Define Standard Precautions.
- Hand hygiene
- Use of certain PPE based on anticipated exposure
- Safe injection practices
- Safe management of contaminated equipment
- Applied to all patients even when they are not known or suspected to be infectious
Define Contact Precautions.
For patients with known or suspected infections that represent an increased risk for contact transmission.
- Patient in a single room
- PPE includes gloves and gowns, donned prior to room entry and discarded before exiting patient room
- Used dedicated patient-care equipment or disinfect before use on another patient
- Increased cleaning/disinfecting of patient room
Define Droplet Precautions.
For patients know or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by respiratory droplets.
- Patient in a single room
- PPE includes mask donned upon entry to patient room
- Patient should also wear a mask
Define Airborne Precautions.
For patients known or suspected to be infected with pathogens transmitted by the airborne route.
Describe the characteristics of an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR).
- Negative pressure in room
- Regulated air flow rate
- Air from room is directly exhausted to outside OR recirculated through a HEPA filter
PPE within a AIIR should include…
Fit-tested NIOSH-approved N95 or higher respirator.
Define the reason for biohazard labels.
Alert others of the potential presence of biohazardous materials.
A needle with a built-in safety feature or mechanism that effectively reduces the risk of an exposure incident is what kind of safety control?
Engineering Control
Sharps with Engineered Sharps Injury Protection (SESIP)
Biological Safety Cabinets are what type of safety control?
Engineering Control.
Describe the principle of biological safety cabinets.
Utilize directional airflow and high efficiency particular air (HEPA) filters.
Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC) traps ___ particles only.
Airborne.
When should Biological Safety Cabinets not be used?
When working with volatile chemicals or gases.
Class I BSC are used to protect…
Personnel and environmental protection, but not product protection.
Class II BSC are used to protect…
Personnel, environmental, and product protection.
Describe the 4 types of Class II BSCs.
A1 & A2: HEPA filtered air is recirculated to the laboratory
B1 & B2: HEPA filtered air is discharged from the building.
Class III BSC (Glove Box) is designated to work with…
highly infectious microbial agents (BSL4 agents).
For cleaning up a small spill, allow ___ for contact time.
30.
Define Blood Borne Pathogen exposure.
A specific eye, mouth, other mucous membrane, non-intact skin or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM that results from the performance of an employee’s duties.
