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Honors Global Connections 1 > Byzantine Empire > Flashcards

Byzantine Empire Flashcards

1
Q

What should you think of when u think about the Byzantine empire ?

A

Turkey

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2
Q

What became the capital of the Byzantine empire ?

It was formally known as _______.
Then it was renamed ________.

Also known as _________.

A

Constantinople

Byzantine
Constantinople

New Rome

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3
Q

Why was Constantinople an important place (why was it the capitol) ?

A

It remained secure as the western Roman Empire was destroyed

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4
Q

Where is Constantinople located ?

A

On the Bosporus straight

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5
Q

What did the Bosporus straight do?

A

Linked Mediterranean and black seas

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6
Q

What was good about Constantinople / Bosporus straight ?

A

Had excellent harbor because 3 sides were water

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7
Q

What was Constantinople guarded by ?

A

Large land and sea walls

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8
Q

What was Constantinople known for ?

A

It was the center of key trading routes that linked Europe and Asia.

It was European busiest market place for centuries

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9
Q

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was still in existence for ___ years.

______, ________, and ________ influences blended with the traditions of _______________.

A

1000

Greek
Roman
Christian

Mediterranean World

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10
Q

The byzantine empire reached its peak during whose rule ?

What was he determined to do ?

A

Justinian

Revive Ancient Rome

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11
Q

Who was a very successful general under Justinian’s rule ?

A

General Belisaris

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12
Q

What did General Belisarius reconquer in 527 to 565 ?

A

North Africa
Italy
Southern Spain

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13
Q

Who was the last of the romans ?

A

General Belisarius

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14
Q

Why were the victories temporary ?

A

Justinian’s successors would lose the land again

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15
Q

What was emperor Justinian known for ?

A

Rebuilding Constantinople

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16
Q

What important building was rebuilt under Justinian’s rule ?

A

Hagia Sophia

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17
Q

What did Hagia Sophia mean ?

A

Holy Wisdom

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18
Q

Hagia Sophia

What did they improve ?
What did the interior look like ?

A

Improved Roman architecture (it was a huge arching dome)

Colored marble and embroidered silk curtains

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19
Q

What was Justinian’s most important contribution ?

A

He reformed the law

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20
Q

What does Corpus Julie’s civillis mean ?

A

Body of law

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21
Q

What did the body of law become known as ?

A

Justinian’s code

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22
Q

Laws were organized and revised

What were the final 4 parts of Justinian’s Code.

A

Code
Digest
Institutes
Novalle

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23
Q

How did Justinian’s Code impact Western Europe ?

A

it guided legal thinkers in later centuries who put together international law in use today

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24
Q

What did Justinian use the laws for ?

A

to unify the empire under his control

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25
Q

what is an autocratic ruler ?

A

Sole ruler with complete authority

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26
Q

How are autocratic rulers different from roman rulers ?

A

They had control of the church

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27
Q

What did Justinian see himself as ?

A

Christ’s co-ruler on earth

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28
Q

Justinian was aided by his wife, ______?

A

Theodora

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29
Q

What did Justinian do with the power ?

A

he combined political and spiritual power

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30
Q

Sole ruler with complete authority

A

Autocratic Ruler

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31
Q

What are 3 things that peasants did that formed the backbone of the empire ?

A

worked the land
paid taxes
soldiers for military

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32
Q

Byzantine currency

A

bezant

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33
Q

What was the Byzantine’s secret weapon called ?

A

Greek Fire

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34
Q

what was greek fire

A

liquid that contained petroleum, ignited on impact, and couldn’t be out out with water

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35
Q

Bezant

A

Byzantine gold coin stamped with emperor’s image circulated from England to China.

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36
Q

What created problems between east and west ?

A

They had different opinions on religion

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37
Q

who controlled the church affairs ?

A

byzantine emperor

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38
Q

Byzantine Christians rejected the __________.

A

the pope’s claim to authority over all christians

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39
Q

who was the highest church official ?

A

patriarch

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40
Q

what kept their right to marry ?

A

the clergy

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41
Q

what was their language ?

A

Greek

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42
Q

what caused disputes and disagreement between the east and west and contributed to the split of the church ?

A

the use of icons

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43
Q

what did the pope do about the icon disagreement ?

A

he condemned the use of icons

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44
Q

Great schism

A

split between eastern and western christianity

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45
Q

what was the western branch ?

A

Roman Catholic church

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46
Q

what was the eastern branch ?

A

Byzantine church

greek orthodox church

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47
Q

5 reasons the empire declined ?

A
  1. struggles over succession
  2. constant wars
  3. local rulers gained control over large areas of land
  4. enemies attacked empire
  5. Seljuk Turks (Asia Minor) and Normans & Lombards (Europe)
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48
Q

who was the byzantine emperor ?

A

Alexis I

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49
Q

what did Alexis I do ?

A

called for western help

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50
Q

Alexis I called for western help from who ?

A

Pope Urban II

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51
Q

Why did Alexis I call for help from the west ?

A

to fight the Seljuk Turks

52
Q

What was the result of Alexis I asking for help from the west ?

A

the first crusade

53
Q

during later crusades _______ created violence between byzantine and ______.

A

trade rivalry, Italy

Venice

54
Q

What happened in the 4th crusade ?

A

knights attacked constantinople

55
Q

what happened in the 4th crusade when the knights attacked Constantinople ?

A

the burned and plundered the city

sent treasures back to western europe

56
Q

When does Constantinople fall/ captured ?

To/ by whom?

A

1453 ottoman turks

57
Q

After Constantinople was captured what was it renamed ?

A

Instanbul

58
Q

what did the ottomans turn the Hagia Sophia into ?

A

an Islamic mosque

59
Q

what is the largest nation today ?

A

Russia

60
Q

where did russia begin ?

A

Present day ukraine

61
Q

where does russia lie ?

A

on the Eurasian plain (Europe to China borders)

62
Q

What is seen as the divider between Europe and Asia?

A

Ural Mountains

63
Q

What was good and bad about the northern forests ?

A

they supplied lumber and fuel

had poor soil and the cold,snowy climate hindered farming.

64
Q

Since the northern forest weren’t good where did farmers go ? why ?

A

farther south

there was fertile land

65
Q

where was a good place for nomadic people ?

what was it ?

A

southern steppe

open, treeless grassland that offered pasture for herds and horses

66
Q

what did the network of rivers provide ?

A

provided transportation for both people and goods

67
Q

2 rivers that became productive trade routes

A

Dnieper River

Volga River

68
Q

major rivers linked _______ in the _____ to the _______ in the _____.

A

Russians North

Byzantines South

69
Q

How were the Slavs like the Germanic people ?

A

they had no political organization more complex than the clan.

70
Q

what are some characteristics of the Slavs ?

A

lived in small villages, farmed, traded along the rivers connecting the Baltic and the black sea

71
Q

in the 700s and 800s the vikings came out of ________ and worked their way south along _____, trading with _____.

A

Scandinavia
rivers
Slavs

72
Q

Later, what did the Russians call the vikings ?

A

Vargangians

73
Q

Constantinople later sent ________ to convert the Slavs.

A

christian missionaies

74
Q

What did Cyril and Methodius do to help convert the slavs ?

A

adapted the Greek alphabet so they could translate the bible into Slavic languages

75
Q

The ____ alphabet became the written script used in _______ and _______.

A

Cyrillic

Russian, Ukraine

76
Q

In 957, who converted to Byzantine Christianity ?

A

Olga

77
Q

Who is Olga ?

A

remaining princess of kiev

78
Q

It was not until the reign of _____ that Byzantine Christianity spread widely.

A

Vladimir

79
Q

Who is Vladimir ?

A

grandson of Olga

80
Q

What architectural feature did churches begin to have ?

A

Onion domes

81
Q

What did Byzantine Christianity set the patterns for ?

A

The close ties between church and state

82
Q

What was a pillar of state power ?

A

Russian Orthodox Church

83
Q

Who ruled under the golden age in Kiev ?

A

Yaroslav

84
Q

From what years did yaroslav rule ?

A

1019 - 1054

85
Q

3 things that yaroslav did in the golden age ?

A

Issued a law code

Translated Greek words into his language

Arranged marriages between his children and the royal families in Western Europe

86
Q

When did Kiev decline ?

A

1100’s

87
Q

What cause Kiev to decline ?

A
  1. Rival families battling for the throne
  2. As the Russian princes fought mongol invaders attacked
  3. Russian trading cities were hurt because byzantine prosperity faded
88
Q

What was the mongol conquest ?

A

Unification of the nomadic mongols of Central Asia by Genghis khan

89
Q

When did the mongol conquest occur ?

A

1200’s

90
Q

Who was Genghis khan ?

A

World emperor

91
Q

Who is the grandson of Genghis Khan ?

A

Batu

92
Q

What did Batu do ?

When did he do it ?

A

He led mongol armies into Russia

1236-1241

93
Q

What were mongols known as ?

Why ?

A

Golden Horde

The color of their tents

94
Q

What did the mongols do when they entered Russia ?

A

Burned Kiev and other Russian towns

95
Q

What are 2 ways that the mongols affected Russia ?

A
  1. Peasants felt the burden of heavy taxes.

2. Some fled to remote regions while others sought protection by becoming surfs of Russian nobles.

96
Q

What did mongols do about the Russian Orthodox Church ?

A

They tolerated it even tho they were Muslim

97
Q

What served as a model for later Russian rulers ?

A

The absolute power of the mongols

98
Q

____________ began to develop a strong desire to __________ without inference from __________________.

A

Russian princes

Centralize their own power

Nobles clergy or merchants

99
Q

What did mongol rule do that affected Russia later on ?

A

They cut of the Russians contacts with Western Europe at the time when Europeans were making rapid advancement.

100
Q

In what period did princess of Moscow steadily increase their power?

A

Mongol period

101
Q

What was the Moscow princess’ success due to ?

A

The city’s location which is near important river trade routes

102
Q

The head of the Russian Orthodox Church made _______ his capital.

At the same time that city became Russia’s ________ ?

A

Moscow

Russia’s spiritual center

103
Q

As mongol power declined, the princess of Moscow took on a new rule as a __________________________.

A

Patriotic defenders of Russia against foreign rule

104
Q

1380

Who ?
Did what ?
Where ?

A

The princess of Moscow

Rallied up other Russians and defeated the Golden Horde

at the battle of Kulikovo

105
Q

Who was the driving force behind Moscow’s rising power ?

A

Ivan the great

Ivan III

106
Q

What was the best contribution Ivan the great had ?

A

Expanding

107
Q

Between 1462 - 1505 Ivan the great _____________ and ____________.

A

Bought much of northern Russia

Recovered Russian territories that had fallen to the neighboring Slavs

108
Q

Ivan the great tried to limit the power of __________.

A

Landowning nobles

109
Q

Who did Ivan the great marry ?

What did he do after he married ?

A

The niece of the last Byzantine emperor

Adapted Byzantine court rituals

110
Q

What did Ivan The great use as his symbol ?

A

Double headed eagle

111
Q

Ivan the great took the title of _______ which means ______.

A

Czar

Caesar

112
Q

Who built the framework for absolute power ?

A

Ivan the great

113
Q

Ivan the great was also Ivan the _____ (#) ?

A

3

III

114
Q

Who further centralized royal power after Ivan the great ?

A

Ivan the Terrible

115
Q

Ivan the terrible was also Ivan the _____ (#) ?

A

IV

4

116
Q

How was Ivan the terrible related to Ivan the great?

A

He was his grandson

117
Q

What did Ivan the terrible do to get people to serve in the military ?

A

Granted land to nobles in return they would serve

118
Q

Ivan the Terrible introduced new laws that ________.

A

Tied Russian serfs to the land

119
Q

In what year did Ivan the Terrible become increasingly unstable?

A

1560

120
Q

During one of Ivan the terrible’s fits of rage he __________.

A

Killed his own son

121
Q

He organized the ________. (Group of people)

A

Oprichniki

122
Q

What was the oprichniki ?

A

Agents of terror who enforced the czars will

123
Q

How did the oprichniki look ?

A

Black robes

Rode on black horses

124
Q

What did the oprichniki do ?

A

Slaughtered people and sacked towns suspected of disloyalty

125
Q

When did Ivan the Terrible die ?

A

1584

126
Q

What are 3 ruins that plunged Russia into a period of disorder ?

A
  1. Disputes over succession
  2. Peasant uprisings
  3. Foreign invasions
127
Q

In what century was Russia an emerging power ?

A

1600’s

Honors Global Connections 1 (5 decks)

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