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USMLE Step 1 - Buzz Words > Buzz Words > Flashcards

Buzz Words Flashcards

1
Q

Bitemporal hemianopsia

A

Pituitary adenoma

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2
Q

Upper quadrantanopsia

A

Temporal Lobe Stroke (Meyer’s Loop)

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3
Q

Hypocalcemia, Hyperphophatemia

A

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Elevated PTH

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4
Q

Susceptible to Bacitracin
PYR Positive
Bacteria?

A

Group A Strep

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5
Q

Bile Soluble bacteria

A

Strep Pneumoniae

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6
Q

Grows in hypertonic saline
PYR Positive
Bacteria?

A

Enterococci

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7
Q

Beta Hemolitic
PYR Negative
Bacteria?

A

Group B Strep

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8
Q

Cardiolipin, Lecithin, Cholesterol

Lab Test?

A

VDRL, Treponemal Test

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9
Q

Replaces Valine with Phenylalanine at 617 position

A

Polycythemia Vera

Makes hematopoietic cells become more sensitive to growth factors

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10
Q

Chorioretinitis, Hydrocephalus, Intracranial Calcification

Newborn

A

Toxoplasmosis

Obligate Intracellular Protozoa

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11
Q

Hydrops Fetalis

Newborn, ds DNA virus

A

Parvovirus

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12
Q

Deafness, Periventricular Calcification, Petechiae

Newborn, ds RNA virus

A

Cytomegalovirus

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13
Q

Blueberry Muffin, Deafness

Newborn, ss RNA virus

A

Rubella

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14
Q

Limb Hypoplasia, Cutaneous scarring

Newborn, ds DNA virus

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

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15
Q

Formula for Net Filtration Pressure

A

Hydrostatic Pressure - Osmotic Pressure
Glomerulus - Bowman’s Capsule

“Hoes before Bows”

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16
Q

Gram positive rods

Medusa Head

A

Bacillus anthracis

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17
Q

Gram positive rods

Antiphagocytic D-glutamate capsule

A

Bacillus anthracis

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18
Q

Intracellular polyphosphate granules

Bacteria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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19
Q

Peritrichous flagella

bacteria?

A

Proteus mirabilis

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20
Q

IgG binding outer membrane

bacteria?

A

Staph. aureus

Protein A

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21
Q

Valine for Glutamic Acid in the 6th Codon

Disease?

A

Sickle Cell Disease

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22
Q 
Phenylalanine DELETION (F508)
Disease?
A

Cystic Fibrosis

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23
Q

Na K 2Cl Symporter

A

Furosemide
Ascending Loop of Henle
Increase NaCl and Fluid EXCRETION

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24
Q

Painful Genital Ulcers

A

H. ducreyii (deep, purulent)

HSV (superficial)

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25
Q

Painless Genital Ulcers

A 
Syphilis (single, resolves)
Klebsiella granulomatis (progressive, inguinal LN)
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26
Q

Increased endolymph volume in the inner ear

A

Meniere’s Disease

Hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo

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27
Q

Mass lesion at the cerebellopontine angle

A

Acoustic Neuroma

progressive hearing loss; affects CN 6 , 7, 8

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28
Q

Positive test, with disease

A

Sensitivity

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29
Q

Negative Test, without disease

A

Specificity

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30
Q 
Antagonism of Dopamine D2 Receptors
MOA of what class of drugs?
A

Antipsychotics, First Generation

ex: Haloperidol

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31
Q 
Antagonism of Serotoning 5HT2 Receptors
MOA of what class of drugs?
A

Antipsychotics, Second Generation

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32
Q 
Pancreatic Tumor
Low Blood Glucose
Signs of Hypoglycemia
What Cell Type?
(Alpha, Beta, Delta)
A

Beta

Insulinoma

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33
Q 
Pancreatic Tumor
High blood glucose (Diabetes)
Dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema)
DVT, depression
(Alpha, Beta, Delta)
A

Alpha

Glucagonoma

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34
Q

Steroid secreting cells of the adrenal gland.

Cell type origin?

A

Adrenal Cortex = Mesoderm

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35
Q

ANS/Chromaffin Cells/Epinephrine secreting cells of the adrenal gland.
Cell type origin?

A

Adrenal Medulla = Neural Crest

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36
Q

Adenohypophysis / Anterior Pituitary

Cell Type Origin?

A

Ectoderm

from the oral ectoderm of the rathke’s pouch

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37
Q

Neurohypophyisis / Posterior Pituitary

Cell Type Origin?

A

Neuroectoderm

from the neuroectoderm of the diencephalon

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38
Q

Thyroid gland follicular cells

Cell Type Origin?

A

Endoderm

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39
Q 
Antagonism of sodium channels
MOA of what class of drugs?
A

Anti-epileptic drugs

ex: Carbamazepine

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40
Q 
Antagonism of Monoamine Oxidase
MOA of what class of drugs?
A

MAOIs - used for treatment of treatment-resistant depression

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41
Q 
Potentiates effect of endogenous GABA
MOA of what class of drugs?
A

Benzodiazepines

42
Q

Give 3 things that can damage/impair the Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

A
  1. RHD / Mitral Valve / Increased LA Size
  2. Thyroid Surgery
  3. Lung Cancer
43
Q

GnRH: Hypothalamus :: LH: Anterior Pituitary :: Testosterone: ______

A

Leydig Cells, Testes

44
Q

GnRH: Hypothalamus :: FSH: Anterior Pituitary :: Inhibin: ______

A

Sertoli Cells, Seminiferous Tubules

45
Q

A2 to opening snap time interval

A

Assesses the degree of MITRAL STENOSIS

46
Q

S3

A

Ventricular Volume Overload; Right Sided Heart Failure

47
Q

S4

A

Pumping into a Stiff ventricle; Right Sided Heart Failure

48
Q 
Block NMDA receptors in hippocampal neurons
Illicit Drug?
Anesthetic?
Dementia meds?
Antiepileptic?
A

Illicit Drug: PCP
Anesthetic: Ketamine
Antiepileptic: Felbamate
Dementia Meds: Memantine

49
Q

Downregulates calcium current in thalamic neurons

MOA of what drug?

A

Ethosuximide

absence seizures

50
Q

Upregulates Chloride currents in CNS

MOA of what drug?

A

Benzodiazepines

51
Q

Inhibit synaptic acetylcholinesterase in cortical neurons

MOA of what drug?

A

Donepezile

Alzheimer’s

52
Q

Axetazolamide

Tubule site of action?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

53
Q

HCTZ

Tubule site of action?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

54
Q

Mannitol

Tubule site of action?

A

Descending Loop of Henle

55
Q

Furosemide

Tubule Site of Action

A

Ascending Loop of Henle

56
Q

Amiloride

Tubule site of action?

A

Collecting Duct

Sodium Channel Blocker/Potassium Sparing Diuretic

57
Q

Spirinolactone / Eplerone

Tubule site of action?

A 
Collecting Duct
(Aldosterone REceptor Antagonist / Potassium Sparing Diuretic)
58
Q

Holosystolic murmur

3 pathologies that you will think of?

A

Tricuspid regurgitation - will increase with respiration
Mitral Regurgitation - will increase with handgrip, decrease with inspiration
VSD - will increase with handgrip

59
Q

Inspiration will increase what murmurs?

A

Right-sided murmurs

ex: TR, PR

60
Q

Mild hypercalcemia, Moderately increased PTH, Urinary Calcium is low, normal Vit D levels

A

Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia

Defective calcium sensing receptor (G-protein coupled receptors)

61
Q

Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, Vit D

What type of receptors?

A

INTRACELLULAR

receptor with a dna binding domain

62
Q

Acetylcholine, Serotonin, NMDA, GABA

What type of receptors?

A

TRANSMEMBRANE LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL

63
Q

Insulin, Insulin-like GF

What type of receptors?

A

Transmembrane receptor associated with intrinsic TYROSINE KINASE activity

64
Q

GH, Prolactin, Erythropoeitin

What type of receptors?

A

Transmembrane receptor causing activation of JAK-STAT pathway

65
Q

Basophilc stippling

A

Lead intoxication

66
Q

Heinz Bodies

67
Q

Howell-Jolly Bodies

A

post-splenectomy; absent or decreased splenic function

68
Q

Ring sideroblasts

A

Heme Synthesis Problem

Can be seen in lead intoxication BUT SEEN IN BONE MARROW ASPIRATE not peripheral smear

69
Q

Schistocytes

A

Sickle Cell, Hemolytic anemia

70
Q

Virulence Factor: Intracellular existence

A

Chlamydia, Ricketsiae, Legionella, Listeria

71
Q

Virulence Factor: Outer Polysaccharide Capsule

A

Strep
Haemophilus Influenzae
Neisseria

72
Q

Virulence Factor: Presence of Protein A in the cell wall

A

Staph Aureus

73
Q

Virulence Factor: Release of Exotoxins

A

Staph aureus, Botolinum, Diphtheriae, Tetanus, Pertussis

74
Q

Virulence Factor: Synthesis of an Extracellular Polysaccharide Matrix

A

Staph epidermidis

75
Q

CNS Mass: above the sellar diaphragm

A

Craniopharyngoma

hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction

76
Q

CNS Mass: Dorsal Midbrain

A

Germ Cell Tumor
usually Pineal Gland
(inc ICP, parinaud syndrome)

77
Q

CNS Mass: lateral cerebral convexity or parasagittal convexity

A

Meningioma

78
Q

CNS Mass: Posterior Fossa

A

Medulloblastoma

79
Q

Urge Incontinence

Etiology?

A

Detrussor muscle hyperactivity

80
Q

Overflow incontinence

Etiology?

A

Bladder Outlet Obstruction

81
Q

Stress Incontinence

Etiology?

A

Decreased Urethral Sphincter Tone

82
Q

Rejuct null, null is true

A

Type I Error

Say there is a difference but there is none

83
Q

Don’t reject null, Null is False

A

Type II Error

Say there is no difference but there actually is

84
Q

Statistical alpha

A

Type I error

Probability of a result due to chance alone

85
Q

Statistical Beta

A

Type II error

Power = 1 minus beta

86
Q

Mode of infection: absorption through skin on feet

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

87
Q

Mode of infection: Exposure to infected stool

A

Taenia solium

88
Q

Mode of infection: handling of cat litter

A

Toxoplasma gondii

89
Q

Mode of infection: Inhalation of fungal spores

A

Histoplasma

Blastomyces

90
Q

Mode of infection: Scratch from a Cat

A

Bartonella henselae

91
Q

Diabetes Drug MOA:

Decrease insulin resistance by increasing GLUT 4 and increasing adiponectin

92
Q

Lactose fermenter, Indole positive

93
Q

Fast Lactose fermenter, indole negative

A

klebsiella, enterobacter

94
Q

Non-lactose fermenter, oxidase positive

A

pseudomonas

95
Q

non-lactose fermenter, oxidase negative, h2s positive

A

proteus, salmonella, yersinia

96
Q

non-lactose fermenter, oxidase negative, h2s negative

97
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis

A

Trosseau syndrome; visceral carcinoma

98
Q

Seborheic keratosis

A

Leser Trelat Sign, GI malignancy

99
Q

Antiarrhythmics that can cass QT prolongation

A

Quinidine
Sotalol
(Slass IA and III)

100
Q

Antibiotiocs that can cause QT Prolongation

A

Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones

USMLE Step 1 - Buzz Words (6 decks)

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