Business In Contemporary Society Flashcards
Sectors of Business Activity
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Factors of Production
Land
Labour
Capital
Enterprise
Primary sector
Extraction of raw materials and natural resources e.g.fishing, mining, oil/gas extraction
Secondary sector
Manufacturing and construction e.g. Oil refinery, ship building
Tertiary sector
Services provided e.g. Retailing, nursing, selling
Quaternary sector
Information and environmental technology e.g.
Private sector organisations
Are owned by private individuals with the prime objective of making a profit
A Sole trader is:
A business owned and controlled by one person e.g. Newsagents, hairdresser
Advantages of a sole trader include:
Simple to set up. Owner has complete control of decisions. Owner keeps all profits. Owner chooses work hours/holidays More personal service offered to customers No legal formalities to set up business
Disadvantages of a sole trader:
Sole trader has Unlimited Liability.
Borrowing from banks is more difficult.
Owner has no one to share workload with.
Taking holidays/falling ill will effect business.
Unlimited liability:
The owners are personally responsible for debts of the business. This may result in the owner losing their car/house/possessions or becoming bankrupt.
Objectives of a sole trader:
Survival
Good image in community
Maximise profits
Improve owner’s personal status
A Partnership is:
A business that is owned and controlled by 2-20 people (except for solicitor/accountant firms). They should have a Legal Agreement stating how profits are to be shared etc.
Advantages of a Partnership
Partners can specialise and bring expertise.
Partners can share responsibilities.
More money can be invested as there is more owners.
Disadvantages of a Partnership
The partners have unlimited liability.
Profits have to be shared.
Partners may disagree.
If a partner leaves a new agreement must be set up which can upset running of business
Objectives of a Partnership include:
Survival
Maximise profits
Improve status of partners
Good image in community
(Sole Trader) Finance raised from:
Owner's savings, Retained profits, Borrowing from friends & family, Bank loan/overdraft, Trade credit, Redundancy package Debt factoring
(Partnership) Finance raised from:
Partners' savings/profits New partners, Redundancy payments Bank loan/overdraft Government grant Trade credit Debt factoring
A Private Limited Company (Ltd) is:
A company whose shares are owned privately with friends or family. Owned by shareholders and run by a board of directors
Advantages of Ltd
Shareholders have limited liability (only lose amount invested)
Control of company is not lost to outsiders
Mores finance can be raised from lenders and shareholders
Expertise/experience from shareholders & directors
Disadvantages of LTD
Profit shared between more people.
Shares cannot be sold to public.
Abide to Companies Act.
Annual Accounts to Companies House in Edinburgh
(LTD) Finance is from:
Company profits New shareholders: selling shares to family & friends Bank loan/overdraft Government grant Trade credit Debt factoring
Objectives of a LTD:
Maximise profits
Growth
Strong status
Highest possible sales revenue
A Public Limited Company (PLC) is:
A company whose shares are available for purchase by the public on the Stock Market. Owned by shareholders, controlled by Board of Directors
Private sector organisations include:
Sole Trader
Partnership
LTD
PLC
Advantages of a PLC
Large amounts of finance can be raised.
Often dominate markets.
Easy to borrow money from lenders because of large size.
Shareholders have limited liability
Disadvantages of PLC
Set-up costs can be high.
Must abide by Companies Act.
No control over who buys shares.
Must publish Annual Accounts.
Objectives of a PLC
Maximise profits Expand output Growth Higher sales revenue Dominate market Strong image
(PLC) Finance from:
Company profits Selling shares to general public via stock market Bank loan/overdraft Issue debentures Government grants Trade credit Debt factoring
A multinational is:
A PLC which has its headquarters in one country but its manufacturing plants in more than one country
Being a multinational allows a company to:
Take advantage of economies of scale.
Avoid restrictions no. of products imported.
Avoid restricting legislation in home country.
Receive tax advantages & grants from other governments.
MNCs have developed because:
See notebook
MNCs support the UK economy through:
Providing jobs which reduces unemployment
Bringing in new expertise & new technology
Bringing in new ideas (successful work practices from Far East)
Drawbacks of multinationals operating in an economy
They are in a strong bargaining position & can influence government policies,
Different work practices can lead to disputes,
They may export their profits (go back to home country)
Financial economies of scale
Obtaining loans can often be easier because of their size as MNCs will own assets worth a considerable amount of money which can be used as a collateral/security for a loan. They are also able to obtain better interest rate margins
Non-profit making organisations
Charities
Voluntary organisations
Purchasing economies of scale
Bulk-buying discounts, reduced costs for retailer/business
Charities are:
Exempt from paying some taxes.
Set up as trusts with no individual owner.
Control and management by Board of Trustees.
Marketing economies of scale
Being a large organisation usually means that you will be able to strike better rates for advertising
Objectives of charities
Provide a service
Relieve poverty
Fund research
Voluntary organisations
Are run and staffed by volunteers.
E.g. Youth groups, scouts
Bring together people with similar interests.
Run by a committee of elected volunteers.
(Charities) Finance from:
Donations from public/businesses Government/lottery grants Profits from own shops Sale of goods through mail order/internet Fundraising
(Voluntary organisations) Finance from:
Lottery/Local authorities/sports council grants
Subscription fees to become a member/use facilities
Publicly-funded organisations are:
Owned by the taxpayer and controlled by local/central government
Publicly-funded organisations include:
Local government organisations
Central government organisations
Public corporations
Local government organisations provide:
A range of services including local education, recreation, housing and refuse collection
Local government organisations’ objectives include:
Meet local needs
Provide a wide range of services
Make cost savings
Stick to agreed budgets
(Local gov. organisations) Finance from:
Central government
Business rates
Council tax
Charge for services - leisure centres, parking
Central government organisations provide:
Important national services by government departments such as the Treasury, Defence, Health and Transport
Central government organisations’ objectives include:
Provide a service
Improve society
Make effective use of funds and taxes
(Central gov. organisations) Finance from:
Mainly Taxation
Central government
Public corporations are:
Companies that are owned by central government e.g. BBC
Advantages of Public Corporations
Little competition
Provides service to all consumers
Provides service which may be unprofitable if provided in private sector
Objectives of public corporations include:
Provide a quality service
Make best use of funds
Be better than rivals
Serve the public interest
(Public corporations) Finance from:
Government grants
Raise finance from public - BBC charges for TV licence and products
Merchandise
Franchises are…
Business arrangements where one organisation pays for the right to run under the trading name of another
Franchisee
The person or firm who runs and owns the business. Buys into the business. Buys the rights to trade as the franchising business in a way agreed with franchiser.
A stakeholder is:
A person, organisation or group that has an interest in the success of an organisation
Franchiser
The firm that owns the names
Internal stakeholders
Owners, shareholders, managers, employees
Benefits to the franchiser
See notebook
External stakeholders
Customers, banks, suppliers, local community, central government, local government, charities, tax payers
Disadvantages to the franchiser
The franchiser’s reputation depends in how good the franchisees are. Any bad publicity about a product or branch will affect all the branches