Bureaucracy

Question 1

bureaucracy

Answer 1

administrative group of nonelected officials charged with carrying out functions connected to a series of policies and programs.

Question 2

Modern society relies on the effective functioning of government to:

Answer 2

provide public goods, enhance quality of life, and stimulate economic growth.

Question 3

How does the gov provide public goods, enhance quality of life, and stimulate economic growth. The

Answer 3

The activities by which government achieves these functions include—but are not limited to—taxation, homeland security, immigration, foreign affairs, and education.

Question 4

public administration

Answer 4

Public administration is both the implementation of public policy in government bureaucracies and the academic study that prepares civil servants for work in those organizations.

Question 5

father of the science of public administration,

Answer 5

German scholar Lorenz von Stein (argued for public administration as both a theory and a practice since its knowledge is generated and evaluated through the process of gathering evidence.)

Question 6

Is beurucracy mentioned in the constitution?

Answer 6

no (but the document does establish a few broad channels through which the emerging government could develop the necessary bureaucratic administration.)

Question 7

Describe beurucracy under washington. List the 3 Departments in the Beurucracy under washington.

Answer 7

small enough to accomplish only the necessary tasks at hand. (Department of State to oversee international issues, the Department of the Treasury to control coinage, and the Department of War to administer the armed forces.)

Question 8

1st development of beurcracy

Answer 8

centralized politics in 1820’s w/ Andrew Jackson. It was assumed that government would work far more efficiently if the key federal posts were occupied by those already supportive of the president and his policies.

Question 9

What did centralized politics result in?

Answer 9

spoils system

Question 10

spoils system

Answer 10

political appointments were transformed into political patronage doled out by the president on the basis of party loyalty.

Question 11

Political patronage

Answer 11

is the use of state resources to reward individuals for their political support.

Question 12

SEcond development of bureaucracy

Answer 12

industrialization (everything became more connected)

Question 13

Patronage had the advantage of putting political loyalty to work by

Answer 13

by making the government quite responsive to the electorate and keeping election turnout robust because so much was at stake.

Question 14

Disadvantages of patronage

Answer 14

It was a reciprocal system. The arrangements directed the power and resources of government toward perpetuating the reward system.

Question 15

What event in the mid 1870’s caused critizm of the spoils system to grow?

Answer 15

numerous scandals rocked the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant

Question 16

As the negative aspects of political patronage continued to infect bureaucracy in the late nineteenth century, calls for _______ reform grew louder.

Answer 16

civil service

Question 17

Those supporting the patronage system held that

Answer 17

their positions were well earned;

Question 18

those who condemned the patronage system argued

Answer 18

that federal legislation was needed to ensure jobs were awarded on the basis of merit.

Question 19

Congress responded to cries for reform with the ___________

Answer 19

Pendleton Act (, also called the Civil Service Reform Act of 1883)

Question 20

Pendleton Act, also called the Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 established what?

Answer 20

The act established the Civil Service Commission, a centralized agency charged with ensuring that the federal government’s selection, retention, and promotion practices were based on open, competitive examinations in a merit system.

Question 21

Civil Service Commission,

Answer 21

a centralized agency charged with ensuring that the federal government’s selection, retention, and promotion practices were based on open, competitive examinations in a merit system.

Question 22

father of U.S. public administration.

Answer 22

Woodrow Wilson

Question 23

Wilson advocated separating politics from administration by three key means:

Answer 23

making comparative analyses of public and private organizations, improving efficiency with business-like practices, and increasing effectiveness through management and training.

Question 24

Wilson’s view on seperating politics from administration

Answer 24

Wilson’s point was that while politics should be kept separate from administration, administration should not be insensitive to public opinion. Rather, the bureaucracy should act with a sense of vigor to understand and appreciate public opinion.

Question 25

Under President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s, that number reached 2.2 million, and the federal budget increased to $332 billion.10 This growth came as a result of what Johnson called his ___________ program,

Answer 25

Great Society program

Question 26

Great Society program’s intentions

Answer 26

intended to use the power of government to relieve suffering and accomplish social good.

Question 27

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 was designed to do what?

Answer 27

was designed to help end poverty by creating a Job Corps and a Neighborhood Youth Corps.

Question 28

Why did national buerocracy boom in the The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Answer 28

new political programs

Question 29

Beginning with the Pendleton Act in the 1880s, the bureaucracy shifted away from the ______system toward a ______ system.

Answer 29

spoils to the merit

Question 30

What did The Pendleton Act of 1883 establish?

Answer 30

established the foundations for the merit-based system that emerged in the decades that followed.

Question 31

How did the pendleton Act of 1883 establish a merit based system (3 significant elements)

Answer 31

significant. First, the law attempted to reduce the impact of politics on the civil service sector by making it illegal to fire or otherwise punish government workers for strictly political reasons. Second, the law raised the qualifications for employment in civil service positions by requiring applicants to pass exams designed to test their competence in a number of important skill and knowledge areas. Third, it allowed for the creation of the United States Civil Service Commission (CSC), which was charged with enforcing the elements of the law.

Question 32

The CSC, as created by the Pendleton Act, was to be made up of three commissioners, only two of whom could be from the same political party. These commissioners were given the responsibility of

Answer 32

of developing and applying the competitive examinations for civil service positions, ensuring that the civil service appointments were apportioned among the several states based on population, and seeing to it that no person in the public service is obligated to contribute to any political cause.The CSC was also charged with ensuring that all civil servants wait for a probationary period before being appointed and that no appointee uses their official authority to affect political changes either through coercion or influence.

Question 33

Who oversees the CSC

Answer 33

Both Congress and the president oversaw the CSC by requiring the commission to supply an annual report on its activities first to the president and then to Congress.

Question 34

with civil service appointments no longer tied to partisan success, bureaucrats began to look to each other in order to create the job security the previous system had lacked. One of the most important ways they did this was by

Answer 34

creating civil service organizations such as the National Association of All Civil Service Employees, formed in 1896. This organization worked to further civil service reform,

Question 35

When did skepticism of growing beaucracy peak

Answer 35

Vietnam war

Question 36

mandatory testing has since been abandoned, and now approximately eighty-five percent of all federal government jobs are filled through an examination:

Answer 36

applicant’s education, background, knowledge, skills, and abilities.

Question 37

Today, A general civil service position announcement will

Answer 37

describe the government agency or office seeking an employee, an explanation of what the agency or office does, an explanation of what the position requires, and a list of the knowledge, skills, and abilities, commonly referred to as KSAs, deemed especially important for fulfilling the role.

Question 38

Who still takes tests for skills in modern day?

Answer 38

Civil service exams currently test for skills applicable to clerical workers, postal service workers, military personnel, health and social workers, and accounting and engineering employees among others.

Question 39

T/F Applicants with the highest scores on these tests are most likely to be hired for the desired position.

Answer 39

Tru

Question 40

The Weberian Model

Answer 40

• classic model
• developed by Max Weber. He argued that the increasing complexity of life would simultaneously increase the demands of citizens for government services.
• specialized bureaucrats would be better able to solve problems through logical reasoning.

Question 41

The Acquisitive Model

Answer 41

• believes bureaucracies are naturally competitive and power-hungry.

Question 42

The Monopolistic Model

Answer 42

Monopolistic Model. In this model, bureaucracy acts much like a monopolistic business:

Question 43

Types of Beurocratic Orgs

Answer 43

Cabinet departments are major executive offices that are directly accountable to the president. They include the Departments of State, Defense, Education, Treasury, and several others.

Question 44

Head of a cabniet department

Answer 44

• called a secretary

Question 45

Independent Executive Agencies and Regulatory Agencies

Answer 45

• report 2 pres
• independent because they are not subject to the regulatory authority of any specific department.
• focused tasks

Question 46

Government Corporations

Answer 46

• Agencies formed by the federal government to administer a quasi-business enterprise are called government corporations
• no stockholders
• a board of directors and managers.

Question 47

Elected officials are regularly frustrated when bureaucrats seem not follow the path they intended. As a result, the bureaucratic process becomes inundated with ________-

Answer 47

red tape

Question 48

red tape

Answer 48

This is the name for the procedures and rules that must be followed to get something done. Citizens

Question 49

When they encounter grey areas, many follow the federal ____________ process to propose a solution,

Answer 49

negotiated rulemaking

Question 50

negotiated rulemaking process

Answer 50

process to propose a solution, that is, detailing how particular new federal polices, regulations, and/or programs will be implemented in the agencies.

Question 51

_______ is particularly empowered to apply oversight of the federal bureaucracy because of its power to control funding and approve presidential appointments.

Answer 51

Congress

Question 52

what do the commities do to question the leaders of the various bureaucracies.

Answer 52

The various bureaucratic agencies submit annual summaries of their activities and budgets for the following year, and committees and subcommittees in both chambers regularly hold hearings to question the leaders of the various bureaucracies.

Question 53

Congress’s most powerful oversight tool

Answer 53

the Government Accountability Office (GAO).

Question 54

the Government Accountability Office (GAO).

Answer 54

an agency that provides Congress, its committees, and the heads of the executive agencies with auditing, evaluation, and investigative services.

Question 55

Apart from Congress, the president also executes oversight over the extensive federal bureaucracy through a number of different avenues. Most directly, the president:

Answer 55

controls the bureaucracies by appointing the heads of the fifteen cabinet departments and of many independent executive agencies, such as the CIA, the EPA, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. These cabinet and agency appointments go through the Senate for confirmation.

Question 56

How does the president check bureaucracyies?

Answer 56

• controls the bureaucracies by appointing the heads of the fifteen cabinet departments and of many independent executive agencies,
• Office of Management and Budget (OMB).

Question 57

the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).36 The primary responsibility:

Answer 57

produce the president’s annual budget for the country. With this huge responsibility, however, comes a number of other responsibilities. These include reporting to the president on the actions of the various executive departments and agencies in the federal government, overseeing the performance levels of the bureaucracies, coordinating and reviewing federal regulations for the president, and delivering executive orders and presidential directives to the various agency heads.

Question 58

the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 (FOIA),

Answer 58

assassination. FOIA provides journalists and the general public the right to request records from various federal agencies. These agencies are required by law to release that information unless it qualifies for one of nine exemptions.

Question 59

Exceptions to journalists releasing info to federal agencies

Answer 59

issues related to national security or foreign policy, internal personnel rules, trade secrets, violations of personnel privacy rights, law enforcement information, and oil well data

Question 60

How is the Government in Sunshine Act of 1976 diff from the FOIA

Answer 60

that it requires all multi-headed federal agencies to hold their meetings in a public forum on a regular basis.

Question 61

privatization.

Answer 61

A more extreme, and in many instances, more controversial solution to the perceived and real inefficiencies in the bureaucracy

Question 62

Why is the urge to privatize less in the US then other countries

Answer 62

There are simply far fewer government-run services.

Question 63

But following the growth of bureaucracy and government services during President Johnson’s Great Society in the mid-1960s…

Answer 63

…a particularly vocal movement began calling for a rollback of government services.

Question 64

Divestiture, or full privatization, occurs when

Answer 64

government services are transferred, usually through sale, from government bureaucratic control into an entirely market-based, private environment.

Question 65

Possibly the best-known form of privatization

Answer 65

the process of issuing government contracts to private companies in order for them to provide necessary services.

Question 66

Third-party financing

Answer 66

Here the federal government signs an agreement with a private entity so the two can form a special-purpose vehicle to take ownership of the object being financed.

Question 67

One of the most important forms of bureaucratic oversight comes from

Answer 67

inside

Question 68

whistleblowers,

Answer 68

those who publicize misdeeds committed within a bureaucracy or other organization, and set up protection from reprisals.

Question 69

The act’s Merit Systems Protection Board is

Answer 69

is a quasi-juridical institutional board headed by three members appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate that hears complaints, conducts investigations into possible abuses, and institutes protections for bureaucrats who speak out.48