Building Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Typical defects of 1960’s high-rise office block?

A
  • Structural issues (beams, columns and foundations).
  • Water damage
  • Electrical systems (outdated/unsafe)
  • Plumbing problems
  • HVAC systems
  • Asbestos
  • Lead paint
  • Roofing issues
  • Windows & Doors
  • Foundation settlement
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2
Q

Most common type of wood boring insect

A

Death watch
Furniture beetle
Weevil
Longhorn

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3
Q

Describe wet rot conditions and symptoms

A
  • Moisture content circa 50%
  • damp musty smell
  • Timber soft and spongy
  • Discolouration
  • stains to affected region
  • mycelium may appear
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4
Q

Dry rot conditions and symptoms

A
  • Moisture content ideal = 22%
  • Can occur between 20-30%
  • Soft and spongy timber
    Mycelium can have yellow tinge
  • Mycelium turns grey when older
  • Damp musty smell
  • Fruiting bodies
  • Damages structural strength and spreads via spores (even through walls)
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5
Q

Stages of dry rot?

A
  1. Spores
  2. Hyphae - fine white strands
  3. Mycelium - white appearance
  4. Fruiting bodies
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6
Q

Brown rot =?
White rot =?

A

Brown = dry
White = wet

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7
Q

Issues of dry rot?

A
  • Can be hidden within the timber
  • Damages timber including strength
  • Can spread between timbers
  • Low level of moisture required.
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8
Q

Where would you expect to find rising damp?

A
  • Internal side of external wall
  • Tide mark of circa 1 metre
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9
Q

How can you identify rising damp?

A
  • Tidemarks
  • Paint/skirting board damage
  • salts in plaster
  • damp and musty smell
  • Checking it’s not another issue i.e. misdiagnosis.
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10
Q

How does rising damp occur

A
  • Capillary action
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11
Q

When were DPC’s mandated

A
  • 1875
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12
Q

Health Risks of mould

A
  • Coughing
  • Infection
  • Asthma
  • Allergic reaction
  • Carcinogenic
  • Depression
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13
Q

Common causes of spalled bricks?

A
  • Moisture
  • Rain
  • Snow
  • Soil
  • Freezing
  • Heat
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14
Q

Issue with organic growth on walls

A
  • trap water
  • frost damage
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15
Q

Subsidence v settlement

A

Subsidence - Supporting soil moves away from support allowing structure to move

Settlement - structure moves soil due to application of load

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16
Q

Explain sequence to underpin strip foundation?

A
  • Mass concrete underpinning: excavate underneath, reach stable stratum, fill with concrete
  • Cantilever needle beam
  • Pier and beam
  • Mini pad
17
Q

What is high alumina cement and what are the issues

A
  • Cement widely used in structural concrete
  • Susceptible to crystalline rearrangement when exposed to water for long periods of time
  • Leads to building collapse - e.g. swimming pool 1975?
18
Q

What is meant by concrete cancer

A

Name for steel reinforcement expanding due to rust and displaces surrounding concrete.

19
Q

Explain carbonation OF concrete

A

Chemical reaction which produces carbonates. This changes ph of concrete and if oxygen/water available leads to corrosion of steel.

Design regulations requires high strength - less porous concrete to protect this from occurring.

20
Q

How does sulphate attack affect concrete?

A

Reaction of sulphate ions with calcium hydroxide and calcium aluminate hydrate to form gypsum and ettringite.
- Leads to expansion, cracking, strength loss and disintegration

21
Q

What is ASR?

A

Alkali silica reaction i.e. concrete cancer

22
Q

Defects of calcium silicate bricks

A
  • More affected by shrinkage
  • Less fire resistant
  • Reduced water resitance
23
Q

What is cold bridging?

A

An area in a building where a gap occurs in the building’s insulation. These areas will be prone to condensation.

24
Q

Why do buildings crack?

A

Subsidence
Thermal movement
settlement
Heave - soil movement upwards
Loading
weather/weathering
Tree Roots
Sulphate attack
wall tie corrosion
Regent street disease

25
Name some causes of stepped cracking in brickwork
Subsidence Heave Structural Movement Overloading
26
How can a cracked/spalled brick be repaired
Replace with chisel and hammer potential use of brick slip possible filler products
27
Common defects of sheet lead coverings?
Interstitial condensation poor workmanship cracking thermal movement, wrinkling/cracking Insufficient overlap Insufficient fall general age/wear corrosion due to acidic run off Corrosion due to intersitital condensation Excessive bay size Incorrect fixings Incorrect underlay Junction problems: drips and rolls
28
What do lead codes refer to?
Thickness
29
What is a tingle
Strap to keep slate in place
30
Common slate roof defects?
Missing and slipped tiles Broken slates Nail sickness Delamination Flashing damage
31
Problems associated from using two different metals next to each other?
Bimetalic corrosion - aluminium and copper
32
How can stonework be repaired
Complete replacement Indenting = local replacement PLastic repairs - small localised repair 'architectural dentistry' chemical treament cleaning
33
Deleterious Materials
Materials or building techniques dangerous to health/environmentally unfriendly: - asbestos - lead - silica dust - hair plaster - urea formalydehyde - Mercury
34
Basement Waterproofing techniques
Type A - Barrier protection Type B - Structural protection Type C - Drained protection
35
Party wall year introduced?
1996
36
Notification Requirement for Party Wall
Adjacent excavations Line of junction Structural party wall
37
Party wall notices timeline?
Structural 2 months Adjacent exc. & line of junction - 1 month