Building Materials

Question 1

An artificial, stone like building material made by mixing cement and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind the entire mass.

Answer 1

Concrete

Question 2

A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredients in concrete and mortar. the term is frequently used incorrectly for concrete.

Answer 2

Cement

Question 3

A hydraulics cements made by burning mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder, named for its resemblance to a limestone quarried on the isle in England.

Answer 3

Portland cement

Question 4

Any substance other than cement, water, or aggregate, added to a concrete or mortar mix to alter its properties or those of the hardened product.

Answer 4

Admixture

Question 5

A method for determining the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete by measuring the slump of a test specimen.

Answer 5

Slump test

Question 6

A measure of the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete, expressed as the vertical settling, in inches, of a specimen aster it has been placed in a slump cone, tamped in a prescribed manner, and the cone is lifted.

Answer 6

Slump

Question 7

The ratio of mixing water to cement in a unit volume of concrete or mortar mix, preferably expressed by weight as a decimal fraction but often stated in gallons of water per 94 lb. sack of cement.

Answer 7

water-cement ratio

Question 8

A compression test of a cylinder cut from a hardened concrete structure, usually by means of a cone drill.

Answer 8

Core test

Question 9

The relative ability of freshly mixed concrete or mortar to flow, usually measured by the slump test for concrete and by the flow test for grout or mortar.

Answer 9

Consistency

Question 10

The relative ease with which freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be handled, placed in form work, compacted, and finished.

Answer 10

Workability

Question 11

The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.

Answer 11

Wood

Question 12

The wood from a conifer. The term is not descriptive of the actual softness of the wood.

Answer 12

Softwood

Question 13

Any of various predominantly evergreen, cone-bearing trees, such as pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce.

Answer 13

Conifer

Question 14

Having foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year or through more than one growing season.

Answer 14

Evergreen

Question 15

Wood suitable for use as a building material.

Answer 15

Timber

Question 16

A length of truck or large limb of a felled tree, ready for sawing.

Answer 16

Log

Question 17

The timber product manufactured by sawing, re sawing, passing lengthwise through a planing machine, cross-cutting to length, and grading.

Answer 17

Lumber

Question 18

Of or pertaining to lumber that has been dried to reduce its moisture content and improve its serviceability.

Answer 18

Seasoned

Question 19

Of or pertaining to lumber seasoned in a kiln under controlled conditions of heat, air circulation, and humidity.

Answer 19

Kiln-dried

Question 20

Of or pertaining to lumber seasoned by exposure to the atmosphere.

Answer 20

Air-dried

Question 21

The direction, size, arrangement, and appearance of the fibers in a piece of dressed wood.

Answer 21

Grain

Question 22

Wood grain resulting from quartersawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of 45 degrees or more with the broad faces of a piece. Also called vertical grain.

Answer 22

Edge grain

Question 23

Any deviation from a plane or true surface of a board or panel, usually caused by uneven drying during the seasoning process or by a change in moisture content.

Answer 23

Warp

Question 24

A curvature across the width or face of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of the piece.

Answer 24

Cup

Question 25

A curvature along the edge of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of the piece.

Answer 25

Crook

Question 26

A wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure, usually with the grain at right angles to each other and symmetrical about the center ply.

Answer 26

Plywood

Question 27

A building material made of wood or other plant fibers compressed with a binder into rigid sheets.

Answer 27

Fiberboard

Question 28

A nonveneered wood panel product made by bonding small wood particles under heat and pressure, commonly used as a core material for decorative panels and cabinetwork, and as underlayment for floors.

Answer 28

Particleboard or Chipboard

Question 29

A metal containing iron as a principal element.

Answer 29

Ferrous metal

Question 30

A malleable, ductile, magnetic, silver-white metallic element from which pig iron and steel are made.

Answer 30

Iron

Question 31

Crude iron that is drawn from a blast furnace and cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into cast iron, wrought iron, or steel.

Answer 31

Pig iron

Question 32

A hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy containing 2.0% to 4.5% carbon and 0.5% to 3% silicon, cast in a sand mold and machined to make many building products.

Answer 32

Cast iron

Question 33

A tough, malleable, relatively soft iron that is readily forged and welded, having a fibrous structures containing approximately 0.2% carbon and a small amount of uniformly distributed slag.

Answer 33

Wrought iron

Question 34

Any of various iron-based alloys having a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of strength, hardness, and elasticity varying according to composition and heat treatment.

Answer 34

Steel

Question 35

The reddish brittle coating formed on the surface of iron esp. when exposed to moisture and air, consisting essentially of hydrated ferric oxide formed by oxidation.

Answer 35

Rust

Question 36

The process or result of combining with oxygen to form an oxide.

Answer 36

Oxidation

Question 37

The gradual deterioration of metal by chemical action, as when exposed to weather, moisture, or other corroding agents.

Answer 37

Corrosion

Question 38

The process or product of bonding one metal to another, usually to protect the inner metal form corrosion.

Answer 38

Cladding

Question 39

To coat metal, esp. iron or steel, with zinc, esp. to immerse in molten zinc to produce a coating of zinc-iron alloy.

Answer 39

Galvanize

Question 40

Any of a class of elementary substances, such as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured.

Answer 40

Metal

Question 41

A hot-rolled structure steel section having an H-shape with wide parallel flanges, designated by the prefix W followed by the size and weight of the member.

Answer 41

W-shape or wide flange

Question 42

A thin, flat sheet ot piece of metal, esp. one of uniform thickness.

Answer 42

Plate

Question 43

A steel or cast-iron plate having a waffle-like pattern.

Answer 43

Checkered plate

Question 44

Metal in thin sheets or plates, used in the manufacture of ductwork, flashing, and roofing.

Answer 44

Sheet metal

Question 45

Sheet metal drawn or rolled into parallel ridges and furrows for additional mechanical strength.

Answer 45

Corrugated metal

Question 46

Sheet metal slotted and stretched into a stiff, open mesh or lattice, used esp. as lath.

Answer 46

Expanded metal

Question 47

Any of various standards for designating the thickness or diameter of a thin object, such as the thickness of sheet metal or the diameter of wire or screw.

Answer 47

Gauge

Question 48

A fabric of woven metallic wire, used in screens, sieves, or the like.

Answer 48

Wire cloth

Question 49

The number of openings per inch in wire cloth.

Answer 49

Mesh

Question 50

A broad ridge or pair of ridges projecting at a right angle from the edges f a structural shape in order to strengthen or stiffen it.

Answer 50

Flange

Question 51

An integral part of a beam that forms a flat, rigid connection between two broader, parallel parts, such as the flanges of a structural shape.

Answer 51

Web

Question 52

A rolled or extruded metal beam having a cross-section resembling the capital letter I

Answer 52

I-Beam

Question 53

Any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and zinc, used for windows, railings, trim, and finish hardware. Alloys that are brass by definition may have names that include the word bronze, such as architectural bronze.

Answer 53

Brass

Question 54

Any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and tin. Also, any of various alloys having a large copper content with little or no tin.

Answer 54

Bronze

Question 55

A ductile, malleable, reddish-brown metallic element that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and is widely used for electrical wiring, water piping, and in the manufacture of alloys, such as bronze and brass.

Answer 55

Copper

Question 56

A ductile, malleable, silver-white metallic element that is used in forming many hard, light alloys, often anodized for better corrosion resistance, color, and surface hardness.

Answer 56

Aluminum

Question 57

A hard, brittle, usually transparent or translucent substance, produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that cools to a rigid condition without crystallization

Answer 57

Glass

Question 58

A translucent, hollow block of glass with clear, textured, or patterned faces, made by fusing two halves together with a partial vacuum inside and used for glazing openings.

Answer 58

Glass Block

Question 59

A solid, impact-resistant glass block unit, sometimes having an insert or coated to reduce solar heat transmission.

Answer 59

Glass Brick

Question 60

A precast masonry unit of portland cement, fine aggregate, and water, molded into various shapes.

Answer 60

Concrete masonry unit

Question 61

A hollow or solid concrete masonry unit, often incorrectly referred to as cement block.

Answer 61

Concrete block

Question 62

The attractive force by which atoms, ions, or groups of atoms are bound together in a molecule or crystalline structures.

Answer 62

Bond

Question 63

A chemical bond characteristic of salts and ceramic materials, formed by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one kind of ion to another.

Answer 63

Ionic bond

Question 64

That which occupies can be perceived by the senses and constitutes the substance of a physical body.

Answer 64

Matter

Question 65

The smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination.

Answer 65

Atom

Question 66

An electrostatic bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom already linked to another electronegative atom by a covalent bond.

Answer 66

Hydrogen bond

Question 67

The smallest particle of a substance that display all of the characteristics physical and chemical properties of the substance, consisting of one or more like atoms in an element, or two or more different atoms in a compound.

Answer 67

molecule

Question 68

The average weight of a molecule of an element or compound calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of the molecule's constituent atoms.

Answer 68

molecular weight

Question 69

The molecular weight of a molecule of a substance expressed in grams; gram molecule

Answer 69

Mole

Question 70

To reduce t a denser form, as a gas or vapor to a liquid or solid state.

Answer 70

Condense

Question 71

An essential or distinctive attribute or quality belonging specifically in the constitution of, or found in, the behavior of a thing.

Answer 71

Property

Question 72

Any of the physical properties of a material that exhibits a response to applied forces.

Answer 72

Mechanical property

Question 73

The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body.

Answer 73

Tension

Question 74

An applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body.

Answer 74

Tensile Force

Question 75

A tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion, or shear.

Answer 75

Axial force

Question 76

The tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist an axial force, assumed to be normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section.

Answer 76

Axial stress

Question 77

The act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in a reduction in size or volume of an elastic body.

Answer 77

Compression

Question 78

An applied force producing or trending to produce compression in an elastic body.

Answer 78

Compressive Force

Question 79

A force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section, producing bending and an uneven distribution of stresses in the section.

Answer 79

Eccentric force

Question 80

The capability of a material to resist the forces imposed on it, esp. the ability to sustain a high stress without yielding or rupturing.

Answer 80

Strength

Question 81

The study of the relationship between applied external forces and the internal effects produced by these forces in a body.

Answer 81

Strength of materials

Question 82

The internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it, equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross-sectional area.

Answer 82

Stress

Question 83

The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it.

Answer 83

Tensile stress

Question 84

The elongation of a unit length of material produced by a tensile stress.

Answer 84

Tensile strain

Question 85

The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. it is a dimensionless quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape of a stressed element.

Answer 85

Strain

Question 86

A coefficient of elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the stress.

Answer 86

Young's modulus

Question 87

The ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body-under longitudinal stress.

Answer 87

Poisson's ratio

Question 88

The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear forces tending to shorten it.

Answer 88

Compressive stress

Question 89

The shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive.

Answer 89

Compressive strain

Question 90

Exhibiting the same physical properties along all axes.

Answer 90

Isotropic

Question 91

Having different physical properties along different axes, such as those of wood and other fibrous material.

Answer 91

Anisotropic

Question 92

A test for determining the behavior of a material under axial tension, in which a specimen is gripped at both ends and pulled apart until rupture occurs, the most common test for structural materials.

Answer 92

Tensile test

Question 93

The resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured y the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material.

Answer 93

Tensile strength

Question 94

A measure of the ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a test specimen after failure in a tensile test.

Answer 94

Elongation

Question 95

A measure of the ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross-sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test.

Answer 95

Reduction of area

Question 96

A test for determining the behabior of a material under axial compression. in which a specimen is crushed until fracture or disintegration occurs.

Answer 96

Compression test

Question 97

An instrument for measuring minute deformations in a test specimen caused by tension. compression. bending, or twisting.

Answer 97

strain gauge

Question 98

An internal force tangential to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in response to a shear force.

Answer 98

Shearing force

Question 99

The force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear force.

Answer 99

Shearing stress

Question 100

the lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses, defined as the tangent of the skew angle of the deformation.

Answer 100

Shearing strain

Question 101

A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses in the cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal at any point to their algebraic sum.

Answer 101

Combined stresses

Question 102

The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.

Answer 102

Shear

Question 103

An applied force producing or tending to produce shear in a body.

Answer 103

Shear force

Question 104

The bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length.

Answer 104

Bending

Question 105

The moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion.

Answer 105

Torque

Question 106

The twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body.

Answer 106

Torsion