Building Materials Flashcards
An artificial, stone like building material made by mixing cement and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind the entire mass.
Concrete
A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredients in concrete and mortar. the term is frequently used incorrectly for concrete.
Cement
A hydraulics cements made by burning mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder, named for its resemblance to a limestone quarried on the isle in England.
Portland cement
Any substance other than cement, water, or aggregate, added to a concrete or mortar mix to alter its properties or those of the hardened product.
Admixture
A method for determining the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete by measuring the slump of a test specimen.
Slump test
A measure of the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete, expressed as the vertical settling, in inches, of a specimen aster it has been placed in a slump cone, tamped in a prescribed manner, and the cone is lifted.
Slump
The ratio of mixing water to cement in a unit volume of concrete or mortar mix, preferably expressed by weight as a decimal fraction but often stated in gallons of water per 94 lb. sack of cement.
water-cement ratio
A compression test of a cylinder cut from a hardened concrete structure, usually by means of a cone drill.
Core test
The relative ability of freshly mixed concrete or mortar to flow, usually measured by the slump test for concrete and by the flow test for grout or mortar.
Consistency
The relative ease with which freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be handled, placed in form work, compacted, and finished.
Workability
The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.
Wood
The wood from a conifer. The term is not descriptive of the actual softness of the wood.
Softwood
Any of various predominantly evergreen, cone-bearing trees, such as pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce.
Conifer
Having foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year or through more than one growing season.
Evergreen
Wood suitable for use as a building material.
Timber
A length of truck or large limb of a felled tree, ready for sawing.
Log
The timber product manufactured by sawing, re sawing, passing lengthwise through a planing machine, cross-cutting to length, and grading.
Lumber
Of or pertaining to lumber that has been dried to reduce its moisture content and improve its serviceability.
Seasoned
Of or pertaining to lumber seasoned in a kiln under controlled conditions of heat, air circulation, and humidity.
Kiln-dried
Of or pertaining to lumber seasoned by exposure to the atmosphere.
Air-dried
The direction, size, arrangement, and appearance of the fibers in a piece of dressed wood.
Grain
Wood grain resulting from quartersawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of 45 degrees or more with the broad faces of a piece. Also called vertical grain.
Edge grain
Any deviation from a plane or true surface of a board or panel, usually caused by uneven drying during the seasoning process or by a change in moisture content.
Warp
A curvature across the width or face of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of the piece.
Cup
A curvature along the edge of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of the piece.
Crook
A wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure, usually with the grain at right angles to each other and symmetrical about the center ply.
Plywood
A building material made of wood or other plant fibers compressed with a binder into rigid sheets.
Fiberboard
A nonveneered wood panel product made by bonding small wood particles under heat and pressure, commonly used as a core material for decorative panels and cabinetwork, and as underlayment for floors.
Particleboard or Chipboard
A metal containing iron as a principal element.
Ferrous metal
A malleable, ductile, magnetic, silver-white metallic element from which pig iron and steel are made.
Iron
Crude iron that is drawn from a blast furnace and cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into cast iron, wrought iron, or steel.
Pig iron
A hard, brittle, nonmalleable iron-based alloy containing 2.0% to 4.5% carbon and 0.5% to 3% silicon, cast in a sand mold and machined to make many building products.
Cast iron
A tough, malleable, relatively soft iron that is readily forged and welded, having a fibrous structures containing approximately 0.2% carbon and a small amount of uniformly distributed slag.
Wrought iron
Any of various iron-based alloys having a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than that of wrought iron, and having qualities of strength, hardness, and elasticity varying according to composition and heat treatment.
Steel
The reddish brittle coating formed on the surface of iron esp. when exposed to moisture and air, consisting essentially of hydrated ferric oxide formed by oxidation.
Rust
The process or result of combining with oxygen to form an oxide.
Oxidation
The gradual deterioration of metal by chemical action, as when exposed to weather, moisture, or other corroding agents.
Corrosion
The process or product of bonding one metal to another, usually to protect the inner metal form corrosion.
Cladding
To coat metal, esp. iron or steel, with zinc, esp. to immerse in molten zinc to produce a coating of zinc-iron alloy.
Galvanize
Any of a class of elementary substances, such as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured.
Metal
A hot-rolled structure steel section having an H-shape with wide parallel flanges, designated by the prefix W followed by the size and weight of the member.
W-shape or wide flange
A thin, flat sheet ot piece of metal, esp. one of uniform thickness.
Plate
A steel or cast-iron plate having a waffle-like pattern.
Checkered plate
Metal in thin sheets or plates, used in the manufacture of ductwork, flashing, and roofing.
Sheet metal
Sheet metal drawn or rolled into parallel ridges and furrows for additional mechanical strength.
Corrugated metal
Sheet metal slotted and stretched into a stiff, open mesh or lattice, used esp. as lath.
Expanded metal
Any of various standards for designating the thickness or diameter of a thin object, such as the thickness of sheet metal or the diameter of wire or screw.
Gauge
A fabric of woven metallic wire, used in screens, sieves, or the like.
Wire cloth
The number of openings per inch in wire cloth.
Mesh
A broad ridge or pair of ridges projecting at a right angle from the edges f a structural shape in order to strengthen or stiffen it.
Flange
An integral part of a beam that forms a flat, rigid connection between two broader, parallel parts, such as the flanges of a structural shape.
Web
A rolled or extruded metal beam having a cross-section resembling the capital letter I
I-Beam
Any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and zinc, used for windows, railings, trim, and finish hardware. Alloys that are brass by definition may have names that include the word bronze, such as architectural bronze.
Brass
Any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and tin. Also, any of various alloys having a large copper content with little or no tin.
Bronze
A ductile, malleable, reddish-brown metallic element that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and is widely used for electrical wiring, water piping, and in the manufacture of alloys, such as bronze and brass.
Copper
A ductile, malleable, silver-white metallic element that is used in forming many hard, light alloys, often anodized for better corrosion resistance, color, and surface hardness.
Aluminum
A hard, brittle, usually transparent or translucent substance, produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that cools to a rigid condition without crystallization
Glass
A translucent, hollow block of glass with clear, textured, or patterned faces, made by fusing two halves together with a partial vacuum inside and used for glazing openings.
Glass Block
A solid, impact-resistant glass block unit, sometimes having an insert or coated to reduce solar heat transmission.
Glass Brick
A precast masonry unit of portland cement, fine aggregate, and water, molded into various shapes.
Concrete masonry unit
A hollow or solid concrete masonry unit, often incorrectly referred to as cement block.
Concrete block
The attractive force by which atoms, ions, or groups of atoms are bound together in a molecule or crystalline structures.
Bond
A chemical bond characteristic of salts and ceramic materials, formed by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one kind of ion to another.
Ionic bond
That which occupies can be perceived by the senses and constitutes the substance of a physical body.
Matter
The smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination.
Atom
An electrostatic bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom already linked to another electronegative atom by a covalent bond.
Hydrogen bond
The smallest particle of a substance that display all of the characteristics physical and chemical properties of the substance, consisting of one or more like atoms in an element, or two or more different atoms in a compound.
molecule
The average weight of a molecule of an element or compound calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of the molecule’s constituent atoms.
molecular weight
The molecular weight of a molecule of a substance expressed in grams; gram molecule
Mole
To reduce t a denser form, as a gas or vapor to a liquid or solid state.
Condense
An essential or distinctive attribute or quality belonging specifically in the constitution of, or found in, the behavior of a thing.
Property
Any of the physical properties of a material that exhibits a response to applied forces.
Mechanical property
The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body.
Tension
An applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body.
Tensile Force
A tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion, or shear.
Axial force
The tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist an axial force, assumed to be normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section.
Axial stress
The act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in a reduction in size or volume of an elastic body.
Compression
An applied force producing or trending to produce compression in an elastic body.
Compressive Force
A force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section, producing bending and an uneven distribution of stresses in the section.
Eccentric force
The capability of a material to resist the forces imposed on it, esp. the ability to sustain a high stress without yielding or rupturing.
Strength
The study of the relationship between applied external forces and the internal effects produced by these forces in a body.
Strength of materials
The internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it, equal to the ratio of force to area and expressed in units of force per unit of cross-sectional area.
Stress
The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it.
Tensile stress
The elongation of a unit length of material produced by a tensile stress.
Tensile strain
The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. it is a dimensionless quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape of a stressed element.
Strain
A coefficient of elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the stress.
Young’s modulus
The ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic body-under longitudinal stress.
Poisson’s ratio
The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear forces tending to shorten it.
Compressive stress
The shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive.
Compressive strain
Exhibiting the same physical properties along all axes.
Isotropic
Having different physical properties along different axes, such as those of wood and other fibrous material.
Anisotropic
A test for determining the behavior of a material under axial tension, in which a specimen is gripped at both ends and pulled apart until rupture occurs, the most common test for structural materials.
Tensile test
The resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured y the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material.
Tensile strength
A measure of the ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage increase in length of a test specimen after failure in a tensile test.
Elongation
A measure of the ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in cross-sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test.
Reduction of area
A test for determining the behabior of a material under axial compression. in which a specimen is crushed until fracture or disintegration occurs.
Compression test
An instrument for measuring minute deformations in a test specimen caused by tension. compression. bending, or twisting.
strain gauge
An internal force tangential to the surface on which it acts, developed by a body in response to a shear force.
Shearing force
The force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a shear force.
Shearing stress
the lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses, defined as the tangent of the skew angle of the deformation.
Shearing strain
A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses in the cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal at any point to their algebraic sum.
Combined stresses
The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.
Shear
An applied force producing or tending to produce shear in a body.
Shear force
The bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length.
Bending
The moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion.
Torque
The twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body.
Torsion
