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ARE 5.0_Programming & Analysis > Building Context > Flashcards

Building Context Flashcards

will review urban development and human behavior, community, social, transport, utility, climate and sustainability influences

1
Q

turbine square

A

civic spaces around a pinwheel arrangement of streetsv

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2
Q

satellite town

A

small town dependent on larger town nearby

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3
Q

new townss

A

totally autonomous towns (limited to now 250,000 ppl)

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4
Q

new urbanism

A

human scale urban design, place making in the city, walkable cities, mix of programs, no cars, reuse buildings

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5
Q

grid pattern of development

A

starts at two major roads and expands in grid until stopped by natural land feature (Manhattan)

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6
Q

star pattern of development

A

grows out of dense urban core, radiating spokes of transit, dense population along spokes (Chicago)

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7
Q

satellite pattern of develeopment

A

dunse urban core surrounded by other urban areas linked by highways (Houston)
Beltway: transit connecting satellite that go around the city not through the center, usually where shopping and business centers are

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8
Q

field pattern of development

A

no central focus or organization (LA)

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9
Q

megalopolis

A

two plus centers near each other grow together (LA)

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10
Q

imageability

A

quaity of a physical environment that defines the place (san fran hills)

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11
Q 
path
edge 
district
node
landmark
A

○ Path - circulation
○ Edge: linear element that forms boundary
○ District: 2d area with an identifying character
○ Node: focal point or cetner people can enter
Landmark: reference point, to be viewed but not entered

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12
Q

superblock

A

large piece of land with limited car intrusion, surrounded by cont. street and accessed through cul de sacs

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13
Q

planned unit development

A

large parcel of land with mix of uses, must be approved by planning agency
○ Use, floor area ratio, open space, parking, living, max height, setbacks

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14
Q

floor area ratio

A

ratio of floor space to land area

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15
Q

transit oriented development

A

construction that takes place in areas surrounding transit stops , resi and commercial

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16
Q

sociopetal

A

bringing people together

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17
Q

sociofugal

A

discouraging social interaction

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18
Q

personal space ranges

A

○ Intimate distance .5-1.5 ft
○ Personal distance 1.5 ft
○ Social distance 4-12 ft business strangers formal or impersonal
Public 12+ft lectures theaters ect

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19
Q

wren

A

Christopher Wren’s London plan: main avenues link religious / commercial venues > superimpose on a gridiron plan for other streets

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20
Q

haussmann

A

Haussmann: straight roads connecting historic buildings and squares > minimize riots, facilitate defence, clear out slum, improve transport, make beautiful

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21
Q

sitte

A

Sitte: mideveil curvy irregular streets, more interesting, t intersections reduce traffic

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22
Q

gridiron street system

A

Gridiron street system: regularly planned public space and uniform set backs

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23
Q

ward

A

Ward: 600 sq ft. With 4 resi blocks and 4 civic blocks arranged around an open central square. Grid

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24
Q

density

A

• Density is a relative ratio not a total number of people
○ Density vs crowding, crowding is relative to social norms
Excessive density can cause poor physcial and metal health

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25
Q

shifting centers

A

• Shifting centers: started with granary > temple > palace
○ Expanding facilities - ex. Greek agora (market place)
Palaces become more ornate as power increases, walls divide communities to protect

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26
Q

medieval city

A

• Medieval city: born at crossroads and grew out irregularly
○ Church and market at center
Informal ring of transport around

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27
Q

star shaped city

A

Star shaped city: walls were not enough to protect against guns, bastions on outer ring protect, roads radiate out from central plaza

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28
Q

renaissance effects

A

Renaissance = interest in aesthetics of urban design, symmetry, points of interest, secondary grids

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29
Q

industrial revolution

A

• Industrial revolution = production of goods, no longer gathering around social settings
○ Caused need for reform - provide working / green space / social coexistance
○ Howard, Garden city: in to out
§ Culture, housing, transport and park, industry, agriculture
Garnier, cite industrielle, separate zones for industry, public and resi

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30
Q

US response to renaissance

A

US colonies responded against renaissance, built homes for agrarian lifestyles (yards)
• Grid encouraged moving west > country was divided into 24 mi squares with 16 (6mi sq) townships with 36 (1mi sq) sections
• DC > Renaissance and Baroque, diagonal and radial streets over grid (L’enfant)
Diagonal avenues ended at building or monument, efficient transport

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31
Q

olmstead

A

• Olmstead: preserve natural features of an area and adding naturalistic elements
Columbian expo, chicago, inspired cities to be designed around formal parks, classical buildings and tree lined streets

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32
Q

FLW and corbusier

A

FLW and corbu respond to industrial rev with sprawling open buildings and sites, would have created worse sprawl than what already exists

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33
Q

suburbs

A

• Suburbs appear to escape crowdings > commuter rails and expanding rd networks
Pop increase after world war 2 = more people to the suburbs = smaller lots = urban sprawl

34
Q

city layout`

A

City layout defined by geographic features and transportation layout

35
Q

PUD

A

• PUD offer advantages

Efficient land use, efficient grouping = more green spacem variety of housing options

36
Q

territoriality / oscar newman

A

• People need to feel territorial/have ownership and need diverse stimulating environments
○ Oscar newman architecture can define territory
§ Low walls outside apartments to provide barrier
Crime prevention through design

37
Q

catchment area

A

geographical region with a certain population that drives development, could be divided by landscape, political or social boundaries - can be determined by census or surveys to determine site feasibility

38
Q

neightborhood

A

small area where people live with similar needs and desires (clarence perry)
○ 1929-planned to be within walking distance to elementary school, major rds outside so children wouldn’t have to cross major roadways
○ Scale of the neighborhood allows the neighborhood people to be involved in its planning process
Similar material palette, pedestrian friendly, fitting into context, respecting views

39
Q

public facilities

A

schools, shops, fire, churches, post offices, rec centers. Availability and location is important, consider existing relationships to these programs

40
Q

community influences on design - things to consider

A

• Things to consider
○ Highway access relative to catchment area population
○ Traffic for drive by trade
○ Would additional traffic need new roads or expanded roads
○ Service lanes
○ Is the available undesirable / noisy
○ Is it safe, convenient or needed for pedestrians
Are public and commercial rails / transit locally available

41
Q

consider heirarchy of site elements

A

Climate, views, parking, access, setbacks, adjacencies

42
Q

proxemics

A

spacing, territory, organization of space and positioning of people in space as related to their culture

43
Q

behavior setting

A

place with defined boundaries with a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a specific time, or includes object to support that behavior
Ex. Conference room

44
Q

terrirorialilty

A

need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and things we own to express self identity and freedom, applies to individuals and groups

45
Q

personalization

A

reflecting presence and uniqueness, provide comfort and maybe protection

46
Q

group interaction facilitated by seating arrangements

A

○ Round table over rectangle for cooperation
○ Personal, formal, and strangers all provoke different decisions as to where to sit at the table
§ Intimate at corner next to one another, competing across, strangers diagonally across
○ If setting and activity are at odds behavior is compromised
○ Behavior and setting should be in tandem, otherwise one has to bend to the other
Groups form in 2-4 ppl typically, plan for flexibility in space

47
Q

5 psychological and social concepts to consider when designing

A

• Create a realistic approximation of the people who will be using the space and what their activities will be
• Differentiate between the client and the user
• Use behavioral settings to observe activities and provide appropriate programmatic spaces
• Environments should allow people to claim space and decide activities
○ Successful design allow personalization to take place without adverse effects on other people or the environment
○ Environment is not static, has the ability to be adjusted to suite the users needs and style
Consider social status of the client and hierarchy within a building

48
Q 
local streets
collector streets
arterial streets
expressway 
tanget
A

○ Local streets: lowest capacity, direct connection to building available parking, pedestrian connections
○ Collector streets: connect local (stop signs) to arterial (street lights), not intended for through traffic
○ Arterial: major continuous circulation routes with large amount of traffic 2-3 lanes, no parking, avoid direct connection to building, connects to expressway
○ Expressway: limited access, large volumes of traffic through or around population centers, influence on land due to space, noise and visual impact
Tangent: straight road

49
Q

easement

A

Easements: can hold utilities, portions of privately owned land that public utility companies are permitted to use for installation and maintenance of their lines

50
Q

road design rules

A

• Curved road should form part of a circle, avoid changing radius
○ 100 ft between change of curve direction
○ 200 ft between curves of same direction
• Avoid slight offsets on roads that should align (like 4 way stop)
• 80 degree min angle for turning onto side street
• Max grade range from 3-10% for streets, depending on terrain, speed and function of street
Separate service, pedestrian and vehicular circulation
150 ft between intersections

51
Q

utility design rules

A

• Utility lines follow street right of way
• Sewers and water located under road
• Electric and communication adjacent to roads underground or on poles
Gas under or next to road with in right of way

52
Q

loading dock rules

A

• Provide loading dock and berths with space to turn (depends on local code)
Basic rule: 10-12 ft wide, 40 ft long, turning radius of 60ft unless another turning method is available

53
Q

transportation and utility considerations for design

A

• Consider availability and location in reference to public transit, make entries accessible to it
• Consider availability of: water, sewers, storm sewers, communications, gas, electric, other
Consider municipal services such as fire, police, trash and street cleaning - service lanes / access roads

54
Q

windward
leeward
inversion

A

• Windward: faces wind
• Leeward: side away from wind
Inversion: weather pattern when cold air near ground is held in place by warm air collecting dust and pollution

55
Q

albedo

A

• Albedo: or solar reflectance (sr) - fraction of the radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected
○ sr is 0-1
§ Flat black absorbs all the energy and reflects none - has an albedo of 0
§ A mirror absorbs none and reflects all - 1
○ Natural materials like grass have low albedos, snow and pavement are high
Closely related to reflectiviy - LEED ratings used to measure solar heat rejection of non roof materials such as veg, shading, and other components scale of 0-1

56
Q

emissivity

A

• Emissivity: ability of a surface to emit stored energy 0-1

Opaque surface - emissivity and albedo add up to 1???

57
Q

thermal emittance

A

Thermal emittance: measure of thermal radiation

58
Q

solar reflectance index (sri)

A

• Solar reflectance index (sri): measure of a roofs ability to reject solar heat
○ Defined so that standard black roof with reflectivity of .05 and emittance of .90 has and sri of zero
§ Solid white with reflectivity of .8 and emittance of .9 has an sri of 100
Perfectly reflective surface has sri of 122

59
Q

heat island effect

A

Heat island effect: unnatural build up of heat around a building esp urban areas

60
Q

microclimate

A

• Microclimate is a site specific modification of macroclimate by land sloe trees water and surrounding buildings
○ See chapter nine for macroclimate types
○ Undesirable aspects can be minimized by site planning
Enhance benefits through design

61
Q

windspeed facts

A

Wind speed is 20% higher on top of a hill than on flat ground

62
Q

wind temp facts

A

• Near large bodies of water warm air rises over warm land during the day and causes a breeze
At night the pattern reverses, cold air flows down hill settling in low regions and staying there until it gets heated back up (see inversion)

63
Q

tree and building effects on wind

A

• Trees and buildings modify wind
○ Trees planted in groups of 50 ft to 150 ft deep can reduce wind velocity 30-60% at a distance of 10 times the tree height
15-30% reduced at 20 times the tree height

64
Q

solar radiation behavior

A

Solar radiation acts like a flashlight hitting a wall perpendicularly compared to at an angle

65
Q

climate considerations for design

A

• Take advantage of breeze and avoid cold wind
• LEED rating systems combine sri and sr to set min requirements for achieving points for reducing heat island effect
○ Highest sri and sr are the coolest and most appropriate choice
• Ways to keep building sites cool
○ Plant trees for shade and considering paving plans
○ Use vegetation for ground cover where possible
§ Retains less heat
§ More comfortable under foot
Minimizes stormwater run off

66
Q

sustainable design

ecology

A

• Sustainable design: considers full life cycle of building from extraction of materials to fabrication to installation to operation to maintenance to demo
Ecology: study of the relation of living organisms to their environment

67
Q

EIS

A

• EIS: used to analyze and predict how development will affect environment (land, air, water, animals)
○ Instituted by national environmental policy act of 1969
Enforced by environmental protection agency - epa
• Federal agencies file environmental impact statements (eis)
Private projects do not need an eis but should be considerate of the concept

68
Q

Wetlands

A

• Wetlands: area whose soil is saturated by surface water or ground water
○ Jurisdictional wetlands when administered by army corps of engineers
○ Protected through federal government by clean water act of 1972
State and local regulations to be considered

69
Q

investigations for rural or semi rural environments

A

○ Impact on natural landforms, runoff, wildlife and existing vegetation
○ Keep natural contours if possible
○ Keep existing drainage patterns
Additional runoff from roof and pavings should not exceed existing capacity

70
Q

investigations for urban sites

A

○ Minimize noise pollution and other emissions
○ Avoid building masses that create undesirable wind conditions
Sun studies - avoid too much shade or glare

71
Q

wetlands runoff rules

A

• Wetland regulations protect wetlands from destruction and runoff
○ Discharge into wetlands allowed with permit from sec 404 of cwa through us army corps of engineers
Except for some farming and forrestry

72
Q

design considerations for sustainability

A

○ Suitable for development - nothing in: wetlands and 100’ setback, lower than 5’ above 100 year floodplain, endangered species habitats, farmland, historic sites
○ Consider historic and cultural surroundings - reflect what’s existing as respect
○ Consider future / master plan : location, size, connection, infrastructure, micro climates, vies facilities, parking, solar access
○ Existing air quality and how it would be affected
Contaminated soil

73
Q

bioswale

A

shallow grass lined ditch design for phytoremediation

74
Q

phytoremediation

A

rass lined ditch design for phytoremediation

Phytoremediation: detain storm runoff an remove contaminants while allowing water to seep into the ground

75
Q

infiltration basin

A

closed depression in the earth from which water can escape only into soil

76
Q

catch basin

A

area that temporarily contains extra runoff until it can flow into storm sewer system at a controlled rate

77
Q

building location considerations

A

○ Use existing infrastructure and proximity to existing transportation
○ Mixed use development
○ Minimize tree clearing and wind and maximize solar
○ Minimize shadow on adjacent buildings
Use gravity sewer systems

78
Q

building shape considerations

A

○ Minimize foot print by building up
○ Optimize material use and reduce waste through form
○ Roof gardens or reflective roof coverings
Bicycle storage

79
Q

site disturbance considerations

A

○ Buildings and parking and utility corridors on previously disturbed lands
○ Place elements along landscape and shallow slopes to minimize earthwork
○ limit site disturbance to 40ft beyond building
§ 5ft beyond roadway curbs
25ft beyond constructed areas with permeable surfaces

80
Q

site development considerations

A

○ Minimize site development by putting parking under building
○ Minimize rd way and parking, consolidate pedestrian and vehicular paths when possible
○ Double load parking lots to share access lanes and minimize paving
○ Do not developme more than min parking by local code
○ Provide shade or use high albedo materials with min reflectance of .3
○ Permeable paving to reduce runoff
§ Aggregate, permeable concrete, wood decks, paving stones
○ Mechanical or natural treatment systems for stormwaters
§ Wetlands, filter strips, infiltration basins, bioswales
○ Vegetative buffer around parking to mitigate runoff of pollutants
○ Minimize site lighting
○ Collected rainwater for supplemental irrigation
§ Local and state approved
§ Annual rainfall is sufficient
§ Air quality yields suitable water
§ See chapter 13
§ Use infiltration basin as alternative if irrigation is not suitable
○ Use native plant materials to minimize high maintenance lawns
§ Reduce runoff
§ Minimize erosion and need for irrigation
Provide habitats for animals and insects

ARE 5.0_Programming & Analysis (4 decks)

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