Building Analysis Flashcards
EDM
• EDM: Electromagnetic distance measurement
Laser based instrument with a computer to measure distance, horizontal and vertical angles of a laser beam to a reflective prism target. Need two people
REDM
• REDM: reflectorless electromagnetic distance measurement
Relies on return signal bounced from the object being measured. Less precise. Depends on angle of laser and surface reflectivity
Rectified photography
• Rectified photography:
Focal plane set parallel to façade givevs a flat image with no perspective distortion, can be scaled and measured
orthophotography
• Orthophotography
Digital photography then computer software corrects distortion
photogrammetry
stereo and convergent
• Photogrammetry
○ Surveying of objects through photogrpahy and associated software
§ Stereophotogrammetry
□ Two overlapping photographs to produce a digital stereo image, can be used to make an accurate 3d drawing
§ Convergent photogrammetry
□ Multiple photos taken at different angles are overlapped
□ Need reference point or measured distances between reference points to scale the drawing
Slower than laser scanning
laser scanning
• Laser scanning
○ Pulsing lasers beams sweep over an object to obtain 3d coordinates of points
§ Point cloud forms image to extract dwgs from
Info gathered from single point
things to include in building survey
• Things to include in building survey:
○ Site features
§ Parking, service, ped access, adjacencies, microclimate, amenities
○ Configuration and structural components, location of utilities
○ Structure type and condition
○ Roof type conditition and life span
○ Exterior envelope, insulation and windows
○ Mechanical systems, type of heating and cooling, capacity and distribution system
○ Plumbing, sewer capacity and number of fixtures
○ Electrical system, capacity and condition
○ Fire protection, pipes and heads
○ Major equipment, refridge or lab
○ Finishes
Compliance with ADA
analyzing existing structures
• Analyzing existing structures
○ Do location site massing and structure work for the new building use
○ Appearance and character in line with clients aesthetic
○ Work and cost to repair (seismic and foundation and primary structure most expensive)
○ MEP scope
○ New occupancy in line with construction type and area
○ Code review
Determine time and cost for min renovation then for desired renovation
national or state landmark
• If a building is a national /state landmark sprecific requirements will limit the type and extent of rehab allowed
○ Must meet requirements to receive tax credits
Contact national park service or state historic preservation officer
historic preservation treatments from mist to least historically accurate
○ Preservation
§ Retain all historic fabric through conservation maintenance and repair, reflects the buildings lifetime
○ Rehabilitation
§ Emphasizes repair of historic materials but gives more latitude to replacement, typically because of deterioration, allows for new technology and materials, more efficient buildings
○ Restoration
§ Keeps materials from the most significant time in properties history while removing all other materials
○ Reconstruction
Recreate a nonsurviving site and building in new materials
10 standards for reno
○ Property should be used for existing purpose or something that does not require much alteration
○ Preserve historic character, avoid removing historic materials
○ Physical record of its time place and use, do not add false features
○ Preserve historic changes over time
○ Preserve distinctive features finishes and construction
○ Repair over replace for deeriorated features, replace missing features through pictoral evidence
○ Do not use chimcal or physical treamtments that will damage materials
○ Preserve archeological resources, mitigate if disturbed
New additions must not destroy existing conditions, shall be differentiated by compatible with massing
10 standards for restoration
○ Maintain use or give a new one which reflects restoration
○ Retain and preserve materials
○ Physical record of time place and use
○ Document exissting materials from other historical periods before removal
○ Preserve distinctive materials and features
○ Repair over replace for deeriorated features, replace missing features through pictoral evidence
○ Do not use chimcal or physical treamtments that will damage materials
○ Preserve archeological resources, mitigate if disturbed
Designs that were never executed historically will not be constructed
masonry in historic buildings
○ Identify, retain and preserve
○ Protect with proper joints and drainage
○ Clean only when need to stop deterioration or remove soiling
§ Test before to determine long term effects of cleanign
§ Gentlest method possible
○ Only remove paint if damaged, replace with documented color
○ Repari or replace if deteriorated or loose
○ Repoint mortar by handraking joints
○ Match color composition and joint profile
○ Do not use electric saws or hammers
○ Repatch damaged masonry, do not replace unless absolutely necessary, match
○ Remove other elements from other historic periods and use for research
Recreate if necessary using photographic documentation
probelm seeking by pena and parshal - 5 things
○ Establish goals
§ Clients objectives and reasoning
○ Collecting facts
§ Existing conditions and requirements for meeting goals
§ Number of people, site conditions, space adjacencies, users, equipment, growth rate, costs code, climate
○ Uncovering concepts
§ Abstract solutions for basis of design
○ Determining needs
§ Balance desires of client against available budget
§ Or develop a budget based on goals and needs
§ Separate wants and needs for budgeting
□ Balance quantity quality budget and time
○ Stating the problem
§ Culmination of all of the above in a simple way
§ Bridge between programming and design
1 statement for each major consideration
major design considerations
○ Function
○ Form
○ Economy, initial cost operating cost and life cycle cost
Time, past present and future (expansion)
24 common programmatic concepts
○ Priority / order of importance
○ Relationships of people and activities / organization
○ Heirarchy to express authority
○ Character
○ Density
○ Service groupings or ungroupings
○ Activity grouping
○ People grouping
○ Home base
○ Communications
○ Neighbors / sociality / surrounding facilities
○ Accessibilities
○ Separated flow peds vs auto vs service
○ Mixed flow promote interaction
○ Sequential flow for specific processes or events
○ Orientation / wayfinding / points of reference
○ Flexiblity
§ Expansibliity, convertability, versatility
○ Toeralnce to change in future
○ Safety in building code
○ Security control
○ Energy conservation
○ Environmetnal controls to meet human comfort needs
○ Phasing completing projects in stages
Cost control
bench marking
Benchmarking: establishment of common standards for rooms and activities based on measurements of similar facilities
net area
Net area: individual areas determined by one of three programming methods, does not include support spaces and circulation and wall thicknesses
nonassignable area
Nonassignable areas: secondary support spaces
gross building area
• Gross building area: net area + nonassignable spaces
Gross building area = net area / efficiency
efficiency ratio
• Efficiency ratio: ratio of the net area to the gross area
○ Depends on occupancy type and how well the building is planned
§ Hospital has a lot of hallways will be less efficient than a factory that is open programmatic space
○ Range from 60-80%
Efficiency can be related to amount of leasable space
students sttting in a classroom
office worker
• Student sitting in a classroom
○ 15-20 sf
• Office worker
100-250 sf depending on private office or open floor or heirarchy
clients tell architecs
Clients tell architects the size and height requirements for specific program or aesthetic
program spaces not defined by client
• When program spaces are not defined by client determine by one of three mentods
○ Number of people to accommodate
○ Object or equipment within the space and its clearances
Activity with defined spatial requirements
fixed seating programming
• Fixed seating programming
○ Continental seating
§ Rows of seats are continuous and accesed by two side isles
§ Wider space row to row to accommodate for more ppl exiting
○ Multiple aisle seating
Rows of seats are not continuous, side and intermediate isles
common space planning
○ Offices 100-250 ○ Restaurant dining 15-18 ○ Restaurant kitchens 3.6-5 ○ Hotel room 550-600 ○ Library reading room 20-35 ○ Book stacks .008 per book ○ Theaters with fixed seats 7.5 ○ Assembly areas with moveable seats 15 ○ Theater lobbies 30% of seating area ○ Classrooms 15-20 Stores 30-50
space type efficiency
○ Offices .75-.85 ○ Retail offices .75-.90 ○ Restaurants .65-.75 ○ Public libraries .75-.80 ○ Museums .83-.90 ○ Theaters .60-.75 Hospitals .50-.65
space requirements for non assignable areas
○ Mechanical rooms total 5-9% § Heating, boiler 3-5 § Heating forced air 4-8 § Fan room 3-7 ○ Vertical dust space 3-4 sq ft per 1000ft sq of floor space available ○ Toilets 50 sq ft per water closet § Water closets 1 per 15 ppl up to 55, 1 per 40 ppl over 55 § Urinals substitute one for each water closet byt total water closets cann not be reduced less than 2/3 number required § Lavatories 1 per 15 ppl for offices or public buildings up to 60 ppl □ 1 per 100 ppl for public assembly ○ Elevator 7'4 wide by 6 deep ○ Elevator lobby 6 ft deep ○ Main corridor 5'7 ○ Exit corridor 4' or 44" by code min ○ Monumental stairs 5'-8'ft Exit stairs 4' or 44" min by code
