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Study Material > Building Construction > Flashcards

Building Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Building code definition

A

A body of law that determines the minimum standards that buildings must meet in the interest of community safety and health

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2
Q

International building code

A

The most widely used model building code in the United States

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3
Q

Type I construction

A

Fire resistive

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4
Q

Type II construction

A

Protected noncombustible or non-combustible

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5
Q

Type III construction

A

Exterior protected masonry or ordinary

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6
Q

Type IV construction

A

Heavy timber

No a and b division…designation is 2HH

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7
Q

Type V construction

A

Wood frame

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8
Q

Convection

A

Usually involves the transfer of heat energy through the movement of hot smoke and fire gases

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9
Q

Thermal radiation

A

The transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic waves

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10
Q

Offensive strategies address

A

Life hazards

structural stability

risk (benefit outweighs the risk)

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11
Q

Defensive strategies address

A

Volume of fire

structural deterioration

risk (risk outweighs the benefit)

structural conditions

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12
Q

Transitional strategies

A

Include all strategies that include a change in either direction between an offensive or defensive focus

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13
Q

Type II-A (protected)

A

Requires structural components to have a 1hr fire resistance

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14
Q

Type II B (unprotected)

A

Allows structural components to remain unprotected

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15
Q

Type III construction commonly uses ………. as floor construction

A

Nominal 2” x 10” joist

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16
Q

Type IV construction

A

Requires minimum nominal dimensions of 6” x 10” for floor construction

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17
Q

Fuel load

A

The total quantity of combustible material in a compartment is a critical factor when determining the fire safety requirements of a space

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18
Q

Fire load

A

The maximum amount of heat that can be released if all fuel is consumed

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19
Q

The fire load will vary depending on the ……………..of the fuel load

A

Heat of combustion

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20
Q

ASTME 136, standard test method for behavior of materials in a vertical tube furnace at 750°C

A

The most commonly used test for determining combustibility

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21
Q

E-119 Test

A

The only standardized test method currently universally excepted by building codes

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22
Q

This standard test evaluates the ability of structural assemblies to carry a structural load and to act as a fire barrier.

A

E-119 Test

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23
Q

UL standard 2079, Standard for fire test of joint systems

A

Joint systems for floor to wall in wall-to-wall connections are tested in accordance with….

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24
Q

The most prevalent steel used in compiling test data

A

A7 and A36

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25
Q

The direction of forces from loads acting on the interior of structural members is expressed as

A

Stress

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26
Q

The forces within a structural support system that resist applied loads

A

Reactions

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27
Q

What type of loads are steady or applied gradually

A

Static loads

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28
Q

What type of loads involve motion and are capable of delivering energy greatly in excess of the weight of the object involved

A

Dynamic loads

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29
Q

In designing buildings to withstand wind forces what type of pressure is used as the primary consideration

A

Direct pressure

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30
Q

When talking about seismic loads directional movements include

A

Lateral

torsional

resonant

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31
Q

Lateral loads that create ………….. are the most significant force generated by an earthquake

A

Horizontal motion

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32
Q

Two common methods of base isolation

A

Shear system and sliding systems

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33
Q

This system is a less common method of building isolation

A

Sliding systems

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34
Q

Soil exerts a …………..against a foundation

A

Lateral load (pressure)

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35
Q

The pressure exerted by the soil against the foundation is known as

A

Active soil pressure

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36
Q

The force of the foundation against the soil is known as

A

Passive soil pressure

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37
Q

The center horizontal line of the web is known as the _________________because the tension and compression stresses are zero.

A

Neutral axis

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38
Q

The neutral axis is the maximum point of what kind of stress?

A

Shear

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39
Q

Columns are structural members designed to support a___________

A

Axial load

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40
Q

Typical trust shapes span distances of ________to ________,but trust bands in modern construction may exceed __________.

A

22 to 70 feet

100 feet

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41
Q

Steel studs are placed ______to _______ inches apart

A

12 to 16”

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42
Q

Materials used in rigid frames include

A

Steel

laminated wood

reinforced concrete

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43
Q

Because of the high stress load at the connection, the intersection between the slab and column is usually reinforced by additional material in the form of a___________ or a ______________

A

Capital

Drop panel

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44
Q

_____________structures are rigid, Three-dimensional structure’s having been components, as compared to other structural material dimensions

A

Shell

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45
Q

What type of stairs have an intermediate landing between floors and reverse direction at that point

A

Return stairs

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46
Q

What type of stairs are two separate sets of stairs constructed in a common shaft

A

Scissor stairs

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47
Q

Buildings that often includes scissor stairs include

A

Airport terminals

convention centers

malls

cinema complexes

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48
Q

On circular stairs the minimum width of the run is usually

A

10 inches

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49
Q

Escalator speeds are standardized at _________ feet per minute

A

100

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50
Q

Older escalators usually operate at speeds of either _____ or ______feet per minute

A

90 to 120

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51
Q

What is the most common type of elevator in buildings over six stories

A

Traction elevators

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52
Q

Hatchway doors often open a minimum of _________ feet in either direction.

A

4ft

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53
Q

The depth of a curtain board will vary depending on the nature of the hazard, but should be no less than ____________of the ceiling height.

A

20%

54
Q

Curtain board should be space so that they are not farther apart than ___________ times the ceiling height.

A

8 times

55
Q

The method used to determine the required vent area requires an analysis of the…………

A

The rate of heat release of the fuel,

the ceiling height,

and the depth of the curtain boards.

56
Q

In a _______________system, the airflow into the stairwell can be adjusted depending on the number of doors that may be open.

A

Compensated

57
Q

High voltage equipment is defined as operating at _________volts or higher

A

600

58
Q

Low-voltage equipment operates at less than _________ volts.

A

600

59
Q

The standard test used for measuring the service burning characteristics of interior finish materials is referred to as…….

A

ASTM E-84

60
Q

The ASTM E-84 test uses the……

A

Steiner Tunnel

61
Q

Flame spread ratings over ___________ are not permitted in occupancies.

A

200

62
Q

Codes do not allow a combination of materials that exceed a maximum smoke develop rating of__________.

A

450

63
Q

Freestanding walls must be able to resist a lateral load of at least_________ pounds per square foot.

A

5

64
Q

Freestanding firewalls are usually found in buildings of ____________________Construction, although they may also be used in other types of construction including ___________.

A

Type III or V.

Type II

65
Q

Parapet Walls

Parapet height above a combustible roof is determined by the building code and varies from __________________inches.

A

18 to 36”

66
Q

Four hour rated firewalls must be constructed of________________?

A

Masonry or concrete

67
Q

The international code Council allows firewalls with fire resistive ratings of __________________hours, depending on the occupancy.

A

2, 3, or 4hours

68
Q

Historically fire walls were required to have a fire resistance rating of_______________ hours.

A

4hrs

69
Q

Types of facilities that may be constructed without firewalls include…..

A

Factories

warehouses

retail stores

70
Q

The standard test used for measuring the service burning characteristics of interior finish materials is referred to as…….

A

ASTM E-84

71
Q

The ASTM E-84 test uses the……

A

Steiner Tunnel

72
Q

Flame spread ratings over ___________ are not permitted in occupancies.

A

200

73
Q

Codes do not allow a combination of materials that exceed a maximum smoke develop rating of__________.

A

450

74
Q

Freestanding walls must be able to resist a lateral load of at least_________ pounds per square foot.

A

5

75
Q

Freestanding firewalls are usually found in buildings of ____________________Construction, although they may also be used in other types of construction including ___________.

A

Type III or V.

Type II

76
Q

Parapet high above a combustible roof is determined by the building code and varies from __________________inches.

A

18 to 36”

77
Q

Four hour rated firewalls must be constructed of________________?

A

Masonry or concrete

78
Q

The international code Council allows firewalls with fire resistive ratings of __________________hours, depending on the occupancy.

A

2, 3, or 4hours

79
Q

Historically fire walls were required to have a fire resistance rating of_______________ hours.

A

4hrs

80
Q

Types of facilities that may be constructed without firewalls include…..

A

Factories

warehouses

retail stores

81
Q

The purpose of a _______________ is to the block the vertical spread of fire to a buildings openings.

A

Enclosure wall

82
Q

Curtain walls serve the following functions……..

A

Resist environmental loads

control heat loss

limit noise transmission

limit solar radiation

83
Q

Fire doors are rated in increments of time from _________ minutes to _________ hours.

A

20 minutes to 4 hours

84
Q

Fire door classifications

Opening in fire walls…..

A

Class A

85
Q

Openings in vertical shaft and openings in two hour rated partitions.

A

Class B

86
Q

Openings between rooms and corridors having a fire resistance of one hour or less

A

Class C

87
Q

Openings in exterior walls subject to severe fire exposure from the outside of a building

A

Class D

88
Q

Openings in exterior walls subject to moderate or light exposure from the outside

A

Class E

89
Q

Most horizontal sliding doors are metal-clad or tin-clad doors with a wood core that provides insulation covered in sheet metal that protects the wood from the fire. Metals often include: ___________

A

Steel

galvanized sheet metal

terneplate

90
Q

Test pits may reach a depth up to

______________?

A

8 feet

91
Q

Piers are sometimes referred to as …….

A

Caissons

92
Q

_____________is available in lengths from 8 to 24 feet and 2 foot increments?

A

Dimensional lumber

93
Q

The standard tensile strength of wood is considered about ______________?

A

700 psi

94
Q

Scarf and finger joints can be used to transmit…….

A

Tensile stresses

95
Q

_________ is the strongest of the SCL products and can be used for heavily loaded columns and long spans

A

Parallel strand lumber (PSL)

96
Q

____________is made with long strands of wood up to 12 inches in length.

A

Laminated strand lumber (LSL)

97
Q

Thermoplastic composite lumber is a combustible product with a flame spread rating of__________?

A

80

98
Q

Particleboard can be manufactured in sizes up to_____________?

A

8 x 40 ft

99
Q

The initial products of pyrolysis are the release of ________ retained in the wood and __________.

A

Water and carbon dioxide

100
Q

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of wood and begins at a temperature somewhere below approximately

A

392 degrees

101
Q

Heavy timber trusses use members up to…….

A

8 or 10 inches

102
Q

Mortar is available in five basic types with compressive strength ranging from______________?

A

75 psi to 2,500 psi

103
Q

Most mortar is produced from a mixture of…….

A

Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, and water

104
Q

Walls constructed with fire rated concrete masonry units or bricks can have fire resistance ratings of _______________?

A

2 to 4 hours or more

105
Q

Parapets

A parapet is an extension of a masonry or steel wall that project above the roof __________ or more.

A

1 foot

106
Q

Molybdenum

A

Strength

107
Q

Vanadium

A

Strength and toughness

108
Q

Manganese

A

Resistance of steel to abrasion

109
Q

Gypsum can be used to protect both columns and beams, providing fire resistance ratings from _______ to ______ hours.

A

One to four hours

110
Q

Gypsum includes approximately what percentage entrapped water?

A

20%

111
Q

Open web joists are available with depths up to _______ft and spans up to _________ft.

A

6ft and 144ft

112
Q

Open web joists are more frequently found with depths less than _________ft and spans of ________ft.

A

2 ft and 40 ft

113
Q

Steel ridged frames usually are used for spans from ______ to _________feet.

A

40 to 200 feet

114
Q

Steel arches can be constructed to span distances in excess of….

A

300ft

115
Q

If the architect desires to leave the underside of the roof exposed without joists, a structural ___________must be used to support the rafters.

A

Ridge Beam

116
Q

All model building codes require smoke proof exit enclosures in all stairs serving floors _________ or higher.

A

75ft

117
Q

Smoke proof enclosures are now required for buildings with levels more than ___________ below the level of the exit discharge.

A

30ft

118
Q

Building codes require that mall walkways be a minimum of _________ wide.

A

20ft

119
Q

The maximum pressure reached during an explosion may exceed _________ the atmospheric pressure.

A

10 times

120
Q

Ideally, explosive vent panels should not weigh more than ______ pounds per square foot

A

3

121
Q

Traction elevators

AC motor stopping

DC motor stopping

A

AC- During normal operations the brakes on tracks and elevators with AC motors a directly and stop in the car at the correct floor

DC-On elevators with DC motors the brakes do not play any part and actually stopping the elevator car

122
Q

Elevator hoistway enclosures usually are required to be a fire rated assembly with a……

A

A 1 or 2 hour rating depending on the height of the building

123
Q

Wood is stronger parallel to the grain.

The allowable compressive strength parallel to the grain varies from….

A

325 to 1700psi

124
Q

Ch 9 Steel Construction

Slenderness ratio

A

Compares the unbraced length of a column to the shape an area of its cross section. The higher the numerical value of the slenderness ratio, the more likely it is that buckling will occur.

In general columns use for structural support in building should not have a slender ratio greater than 120

125
Q

Hurricanes

In regions that expect wind born debris, such as coastal area subject to hurricanes were the basic wind speed is 110 mph or greater…..

A

Window glazing must be impact resistant

126
Q

Applied fireproofing can range from

A

7/8 to 1 7/8” to produce a fire resistive rating from one to four hours.

127
Q

High density sfrm’s that use magnesium oxychloride have densities ranging from

A

40 to 80lbs/ft3

128
Q

Cementitious materials have densities ranging from

A

15 to 50 lbs/ft3

129
Q

Applied fireproofing can range from

A

7/8 to 1 7/8” to produce a fire resistive rating from one to four hours.

130
Q

High density sfrm’s that use magnesium oxychloride have densities ranging from

A

40 to 80lbs/ft3

131
Q

Cementitious materials have densities ranging from

A

15 to 50 lbs/ft3

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