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Anatomy > Building Blocks of Life > Flashcards

Building Blocks of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The internal balance necessary for a human to survive

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2
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that maintain homeostasis?

A

Receptors, Set points, and effectors

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3
Q

What does the receptor do?

A

Detect the change in the body

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4
Q

What are set points?

A

is when the change in the body is sent to the brain

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5
Q

What does pH tell you?

A

pH tell you wether a solution is acidic or basic.

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6
Q

What will the pH be below if the solution is acidic?

A

below 7

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7
Q

If the solution is basic what will the pH be?

A

pH will be above 7

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8
Q

What is the pH of human blood?

A

7.4

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9
Q

is bleach acidic or basic?

A

Basic

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10
Q

Is water acidic, basic, or neutral?

A

Neutral with a pH of 7.

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11
Q

What organic substance provides much of the energy that cells require and is often stored to reserve energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What is the organic substance that can’t be dissolved in water?

A

Lipids

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13
Q

What 3 compounds do lipids contain?

A

Steroids, Fats, and Phospholipids

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14
Q

What compound stores more energy than carbohydrates and is made up of 3 fatty acid chains + 1 glycerol molecule.

A

Fats

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15
Q

What compound has one less fatty acid chain than fats?

A

Phospholipids , they are soluble in water.

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16
Q

What compound is connected rings of carbon atoms?

A

Steroids

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17
Q

What is an important steroid?

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

What serves as structural material and can be an energy source?

A

Protein

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19
Q

What proteins detect and destroy foreign objects in the body?

A

Antibodies

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20
Q

What protein catalyzes chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?

A

Amino Acids

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22
Q

What organelles determines what objects enter and exit the cell.

A

The cell membrane

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23
Q

What is the gel-like substance that suspends the organelles?

A

the cytoplasm

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24
Q

What is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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25
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

protein and RNA

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26
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Transports molecules from one cell part to another.

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27
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum’s?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER

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28
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

The stuff around the nucleus tats studded with ribosomes that produce protein that are then sent on by the protein

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29
Q

What is the Smooth ER?

A

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, but has enzymes that support lipid synthesis

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30
Q

What is lipid synthesis?

A

Lipid synthesis helps absorb fats and metabolize drugs

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31
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

refines, packages, and transports the protein synthesized by the proteins in the ribosomes in rough ER.

32
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Chemical reactions occur and then create ATP

33
Q

What organelle is the garbage disposal of the cell?

A

Lysosomes, they contain powerful enzymes that break down nutrient molecules or foreign particles

34
Q

What do the peroxisomes do?

A

The peroxisomes house chemicals that speed up certain reactions, they help detox alcohol and hydrogen peroxide

35
Q

What do microfilaments and microtubules help with?

A

they help with maintaining cell structure

36
Q

where are the centrosomes/centrioles located in the cell?

A

they are housed near the nucleus and Golgi apparatus

37
Q

What are the centrosomes made up of?

A

two crossed hollow cylinders called centrioles

38
Q

what are the centrioles made up of?

A

microtubules

39
Q

what do both cilia and flagella do?

A

assists with cell movement

40
Q

What is cilia like?

A

small hair like fibers that help pass objects (such as mucus) around the cell

41
Q

what is flagella like?

A

Large tail like object that helps cell move through a space, (only in sperm cells)

42
Q

What in the cell stores protein?

A

the ribosomes and rough ER

43
Q

What is the post office of the cell?

A

The Golgi apparatus

44
Q

Peroxisomes are the hype man in the…

A

mitochondria

45
Q

this helps things pass over it

A

cilia

46
Q

this helps it move/swim through the cell

A

flagella

47
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses the cells dna, contains chromatin and has nuclear pores that allow certain molecules to excite nucleus

48
Q

Chromatin

A

contains loosley coiled strand of DNA and protien that combine to form chromosomes
contains information for protein synthesis

49
Q

what are the two mechanisms

A

Passive and Active

50
Q

what are the two mechanisms

A

Passive and Active

51
Q

What do both the mechanisms do?

A

Both are used to transport objects from one place to another

52
Q

What do passive transports do

A

they move things from one place to another based on the concentration, WITHOUT the use of ATP
goes from high concentration to low concentration
equilibrium is reached

53
Q

what do active transports do

A

moves things from one place to another and it requires ATP to move objects, equilibrium is NOT reached

54
Q

What are the 4 types of passive mechanisms

A

Diffusion, Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration

55
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

a process where molecules/ions spread from higher concentration to areas with lower concentration
This way it reaches equilibrium

56
Q

What is the difference of the concentration called

A

Concentration gradient

57
Q

Diffusion in and out of the cell can only occur if what two things are true

A
  1. the cell membrane is permeable to that substance
  2. a concentration gradient exists
58
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

when substances are unable to pass through the lipid bilayer and need the assistance of membrane protein
this can’t be done on its own, the proteins help them
this also only works if there is a concentration gradient

59
Q

What is osmosis

A

deals with the movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low concentration
osmosis = water

60
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

the ability of water to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water

61
Q

What is filtration

A

When molecules are forced through a membrane via hydrostatic pressure (AKA weight of water)
this separates solids from liquids and its not a random event, it has to be done on purpose
filtration= coffee

62
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Particles that are too large to be transported across a membrane by other means, are conveyed in a vesicle

63
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

64
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”
the membrane indents, taking in the fluid and particles inside
a vesicle forms and eventually disperses allowing the fluid and particles to enter the cytoplasm

65
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”
like pinocytosis but takes in solids rather than fluids
the particles attach to the cell membrane stimulating part of it to surround the particle and draw it into the cytoplasm

66
Q

What is Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

particles bind together with receptors on the surface of the cell membrane in order to enter the cell

67
Q

What is the first phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
- the time during which a cell grows and duplicates most of its contents, preparation for cell division

68
Q

What are the 3 (sub)phases in interphase?

A
  • G1 (growth phase): other non DNA structures are duplicated
  • S (synthesis phase): DNA is replicated
  • G2 (growth phase): other non DNA structures are duplicated
69
Q

What is after interphase?

A

Mitosis

70
Q

what happens in mitosis

A

division of the nucleus
- when a single parent cell divides into two daughter cells

71
Q

All cells divide through mitosis EXCEPT:

A
  1. sperm cells
  2. egg cells
  3. red blood cells
72
Q

What is the sequence of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, then cytokinesis

73
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

the uncoiled DNA in the nucleus condenses and form visible chromosomes
nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse
spindle fibers form between centrioles
(in pictures the dashes around the nucleus says its in prophase)

74
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell due to microtubules activity
the centrioles replicate and move to either side of the cell

75
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

the chromosomes break apart at centrosomes and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
the spindle fibers shorten and pull the chromes to opposite sides of the cell

76
Q

What happens in telophase

A

the new chromosomes are pulled towards the centrioles and they begin to unwind

77
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm is separated and cell divides

Anatomy (5 decks)

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