Building Analysis Flashcards
electromagnetic distance measurement (edm)
method of field measuring and recording that uses a laser-based instrument with an on board computer to measure the distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle of a laser beam to a reflective prism target
refractorless electromagnetic distance measurment (redm)
relies on the return signal bounced from the object being measured - less precise
rectified photography
uses digital cameras to photograph facades
photogrammetry
survey of objects or spaces through the use of photography and associated software
stereophotogrammetry
uses two overlapping photographs in a computer program to produce a digital stereo image
convergent photogrammetry
uses multiple photographic images of an object taken at different angles
laser scanning
uses medium-range pulsing laser beams that symmetrically sweep over an object or space to obtain 3D coordinates of points on the surface being scanned
programming
the stage of defining the problem and establishing all the guidelines and needs on which the design process can be based
expansibility
programmatic concept to consider when working with a client whose needs may change significantly in the near future
net area
the area of a facility not including the space for general circulation between rooms, mechanical rooms, stairways, elevator and mechanical shafts, electrical and telephone equipment rooms, wall and structural thicknesses, and other spaces that do not directly house the primary activities of the building
nonassignable area
the secondary space for general circulation between rooms, mechanical rooms, stairways, elevator and mechanical shafts, electrical and telephone equipment rooms, wall and structural thickness, and other spaces do not directly house the primary activities of the building
gross building area
the net area + the nonassignable area
efficiency ratio
ratio of the net area to the gross area (net-gross-ration)
rentable area
the sum of the occupant area and a prorated share of the areas of a building used by all tenants
occupant area
the area used exclusively by the tenant’s own business or function
base building circulation
the minimum path on a multi-occupant floor necessary for access to and egress from occupant areas, elevators, stairs, restrooms, janitorial closets, and similar areas
pro forma
statement listing the expected income that the project will generate and the expected costs to build the project
value engineering
involves reviewing individual systems and materials to see if the same function can be accomplished in a less expensive way
building cost
money needed to construct the building, including structure, exterior cladding, finishes, and electrical and mechanical systems, as well as the contractor’s overhead and profit
site development costs
cost of parking, drives, fences, landscaping, exterior lighting, and irrigation systems and are usually separate from the building cost
furniture, fixtures and equipment (ff&e)
costs that include movable equipment
professional services
architectural and engineering fees as well as costs for services such as topographic surveys, soil tests, special consultants, appraisals, and legal consultations
financing
the long term interest paid on permanent financing as well as the immediate costs of loan organization fees, construction loan interest, and other administrative costs
debt service
the cost to pay off the construction loan for a project and is generally considered an ongoing cost over many years, not part of the original cost of the project
project comparison method
method in which the cost of the project is estimated using the costs of past projects of similar scope and function
area method
the type of estimate is usually prepared when preliminary design is completed and the architect has a fairly good idea of the size of the project, it’s functional components and the general level of quality or complexity
assembly method
during schematic design, when more is known about the space requirements and general configuration of the building and site, budgeting can be based on major subsystems
market approach
a way land value is calculated in which the surrounding neighborhood or region is investigated to find similar properties that have recently sold or are on the market
income approach
the value of the land is calculated based on the potential the property has to yield a profit
cost approach
the value of the land is estimated at its highest and best use - then the cost to replace the building or add improvements is calculated - the estimated accrued depreciation is figured and subtracted from the replacement cost or the cost of improvements - this adjusted amount is then added to the land value to give the total value of the property
mill levy
a way property tax is often expressed in which the number of mills, or thousandths of a dollar, that are charged per $1000 of assessed value
general tax
any tax imposed for general governmental purposes
ad valorem tax
a tax based on the value of the property being taxed
special sales tax
any tax that is imposed for a specific purpose or by a single-purpose authority
general obligation bonds
bonds typically used to finance the acquisition or construction of specific public capital facilities, such as schools, museums, and libraries, and to purchase real property
revenue bonds
bonds issued by local government to pay for a facility or improvement and are backed by the revenue that will come from the customers who use the services that the bonds funded (city water and sewer facilities)
public enterprise revenue bonds
bonds issued by cities or countries to finance facilities for revenue producing public enterprises (airports, parking garages and hospitals)
tax-increment financing
a city can use this to pay for improvements that will encourage private development in an area and generate increased taxes due to increased property values
development impact fees
fees imposed on developers in order to pay for the improvements to off-site infrastructure (such as roads, utilities, etc) that the new development make necessary
subdivision exactions
requirement that subdivision developers either dedicate some land for public use or contribute cash for the purchase of land and facilities by local governments
special district assessments
fees used to fund public space improvements, such as parks and streetscapes, in order to enhance an area’s appeal and increase its property values (business improvement districts or benefit assessments)
mortgage loan
used to purchase property - the borrower grants the lender a lien on the property until the loan is repaid
blanket loan
used to fund the purchase of a large piece of real estate that the borrower intends to subdivide and resell as smaller parcels
bond
a type of debt security issued by a government entity to raise money for a construction project - typically sold to individual investors and investment companies
