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MICR*2420 > "Build-a-Bacterial-Cell Workshop" > Flashcards

"Build-a-Bacterial-Cell Workshop" Flashcards

1
Q

BASE: What do you get with molecutes?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Rhibosomes
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. PM
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2
Q

BASE: Pros/cons of molecutes.

A

PROS:

  1. Cheap to maintain
  2. Small + compact

CONS:

  1. Not self-sustainable: usually requires eukaryotic host
  2. Complex diet: lacks organelles for enhanced metabolism
  3. Unattractive
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3
Q

BASE: What do you get with a G+ cell wall?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Rhibosomes
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. PM
  5. Thick + “fuzzy” cell wall (20-80 nm)
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4
Q

BASE: Pros/cons of G+ cell wall.

A

PROS:

  1. Strong: tectonic acid strands through peptidoglycan layers
  2. Resistant to osmotic lysis
  3. Diverse shapes (coccus, bacillus, spirilium)

CONS:

  1. Fatal in contact with lysozyme
  2. Sensitive to cell-wall targeting antibiotics (EX: penicillin)
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5
Q

BASE: What do you get with a G- cell wall?

A
  1. DNA
  2. Rhibosomes
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. PM
  5. Thin cell wall (1-2 peptidoglycan sheets)
  6. Lypopolysacchrides (OM)
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6
Q

BASE: Pros/cons of G- cell wall.

A

PROS:

  1. Capable to defend itself
  2. Built-in stage compartment (periplasmic space)
  3. Resistant to osmotic lysis
  4. Diverse shapes (coccus, bacillus, spirilium)

CONS:

  1. Toxic if mishandled
  2. Expensive to maintain: requires larger genome for cell wall complexity
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7
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

Cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan.

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8
Q

What is peptidoglycan and what is it made of?

A

Peptidoglycan - Polymer of sugars and amino acids.

Made of:

  1. N-acetyl glucoseamine (NAG)
  2. N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)
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9
Q

What is the structure of a lipopolysacchride?

A 
TOP TO BOTTOM: 
1. A-antigen
2. Outer core
3. Inner core
4, Lipid A
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10
Q

BASE: which bacterium are eligible to receive the “waxy” model?

A

Mycobacterium.

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11
Q

BASE: What makes the “waxy” model unique?

A

Includes mycotic acids that forms a thick, waxy surface that is very hydrophobic and chemically resistant.

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12
Q

BASE: Pros/cons of “waxy” model.

A

PROS: Resistance to the following:

  1. Osmotic lysis
  2. Detergents
  3. Dryness
  4. (Most) disinfectants
  5. (Most) antibiotics
  6. Oxidative burst
  7. Phagocytosis

CONS:
1. Slow-growing

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13
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what is the s-layer?

A

S-layer - an additional protective layer of crystalline (glyco)protein subunits.

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14
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are the benefits of the s-layer?

A

Highly ordered: can flex and allow for molecular movement.

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15
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what is the capsule/slime layer?

A

Capsule/slime layer - slippery coat of loosely-bound polysaccharides that prevents against phagocytosis and innate immune system activation.

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16
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: if the slime layer and s-layer exist on the same cell, where are they found?

A

S-layer: beneath.

Slime layer: to the outside of the s-layer.

17
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are thylakoids?

A

Thykaloids - specialised folded laminae sheets of membranes filled with photosynthetic proteins and electron carriers that maximises its photosynthetic ability.

18
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: which cells can have thylakoids?

A

G- cells.

19
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are carboxysomes?

A

Carboxysomes - polyhedral structures that contain enzymes used to fix CO2.

20
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: which cells can have carboxysomes?

A

All cyanobacteria and CO2-fixing G- cells.

21
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are storage granules?

A

Storage granules - compartments that allow bacteria to store excess nutrients for consumption when availability is low.

22
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: how are nutrients stored within storage granules?

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
  3. Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
23
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are magnetosomes?

A

Magnetosomes - membrane-bound magnetite (Fe3O4) crystals that allows motile bacterium to orient itself with the Earth’s magnetic field (magnetotaxis).

24
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: which cells can have magnetosomes?

A

G- aquatic cells.

25
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are phili used for?

A

Phili - used for bacterial adhesion, bacterial sex (conjunction), and movement as grappling hooks (twitching motility).

26
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what characteristics do phili have?

A
  1. Various lengths
  2. Flexible or brittle
  3. Curly or straight
  4. Singular or twisted in rope-like bundles
27
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are stalks?

A

Stalks - membrane-embedded cytoplasmic extension.

28
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are stalks used for?

A
  1. Secreting factors (holdflasks)
  2. Antenna for nutrient location
  3. Anchor for bacterium location
29
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are rotary flagella?

A

Rotary flagella - long and rigid helical proteins that allow bacterial motility via chemoreceptor activity and PMF.

30
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: which cells can have stalks?

A

G- cells.

31
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: where are rotary flagella located on G- and G+ cells?

A

G- : OM

G+: cellular membrane

32
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are the possible flagella arrangements?

A
  1. Petrichlorous (all around)
  2. Lophotrichous (bundled on one side)
  3. Monotrichous (one flagella)
  4. Amphitrichous (one on either side - 2 in total)
33
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what is the movement mechanics of flagella?

A

Motor runs at 100% efficiency, flagella movement is propeller at 1000rpm.

34
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: what are nanotubes?

A

Nanotubes - extensions of cellular envelope that allows transmission of compounds between cells.

35
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: where are nanotubes located for G+ and G- bacteria?

A

G+: cytoplasm

G- : periplasm

36
Q

ADDED EXTRAS: can nanotubes occur cross species, and who are most likely to use them?

A

They can occur cross-species, and biofilm-forming bacteria use them.

MICR*2420 (7 decks)

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