Bug List (Quiz 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Nocardia gram staining
A
Gram positive bacillus (branching filamentous)
2
Q
Non-spore-forming, Exogenous pathogen
A
Nocardia species
3
Q
interferes with phagosomal-lysosomal fusion
A
Cord factor (Nocardia species)
4
Q
inactivates ROS
A
Catalase and superoxide dismutase (Nocardia species)
5
Q
Nocardia species catalase ___
A
positive
6
Q
Nocardia species obligate ___
A
aerobe
7
Q
Nocardia species motility
A
non-motile
8
Q
Nocardia species stain
A
partially/slowly acid-fast
9
Q
Nocardia species stain partially/slowly acid-fast due to
A
mycolic acid in cell membrane
10
Q
Nocardia species stain partially/slowly acid-fast using
A
carbon fuchsin dye
11
Q
Nocardia species colony appearance
A
Fluffy colony appearance (NoCardio, you get fluffy)
12
Q
infiltrates, multifocal nodules, cavitary lesions (often misdiagnosed as tuberculosis) in lungs; pneumonia-like symptoms
A
Nocardia species pulmonary disease presentation
13
Q
brain abscesses, ring-enhancing lesions on CT
A
Nocardia species CNS disease presentation
14
Q
due to direct inoculation or disseminated pulmonary infection
A
Nocardia species cutaneous disease presentation
15
Q
Risks: immunocompromised patients
A
Nocardia species
16
Q
Nocardia species found in
A
soil
17
Q
Transmission via inhalation or traumatic inoculation
A
Nocardia species
18
Q
More common in men
A
Nocardia species
19
Q
Nocardia species treatment
A
Sulfonamides (SNAP, Sulfonamides with Nocardia, Actinomyces with Penicillin)
20
Q
No antibody resistance
A
Nocardia species and Actinomyces species
21
Q
Actinomyces species gram staining
A
Gram positive bacillus (branching filamentous)
22
Q
Actinomyces species gram unique morphology
A
Sulfur granules
23
Q
Non-spore-forming
Endogenous pathogen
A
Actinomyces species
24
Q
Actinomyces species catalase ___
A
negative
25
Actinomyces species obligate ___
anaerobe
26
Actinomyces species motility
non-motile
27
Non-acid-fast
Actinomyces species
28
Tooth-shaped colony appearance
Actinomyces species
29
Cervicofacial disease following oral/jaw trauma (including dental procedures)
Actinomyces species
30
Firm skin abscesses in face or neck, eventually form cutaneous sinus tracts that drain hard yellow granules
Actinomyces species
31
Part of normal oral, vaginal, and GI flora; Risk: tissue injury (usually near mouth)
Actinomyces species
32
Risk: tissue injury (usually near mouth)
Actinomyces species
33
Actinomyces species treatment
Penicillin (SNAP, Sulfonamides with Nocardia, Actinomyces with Penicillin)
34
Bacteroides fragilis gram staining
Gram negative bacillus
35
Non-spore-forming, Encapsulated (polysaccharide)
Bacteroides fragilis
36
Bacteroides fragilis obligate ___
anaerobe
37
Intraabdominal infections/abscesses
Bacteroides fragilis
38
Part of normal gut flora, Risk: incident to cause break in gut mucosal surface
Bacteroides fragilis
39
Beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillin
Bacteroides fragilis
40
One of the most frequent causes of anaerobic infections
Bacteroides fragilis
41
Fusobacterium species gram staining
Gram negative bacillus
42
Non-spore-forming, Potent endotoxin
Fusobacterium species
43
Fusobacterium species obligate ___
anaerobe
44
Dental infections, Deep space neck infections
Fusobacterium species
45
Part of normal oral, vaginal, and GI flora, Risk: recent dental work or mouth injury
Fusobacterium species
46
Fusobacterium species treatment
Antibiotics
47
Clostridium tetani gram staining
Gram positive bacillus
48
Drumstick/tennis racquet-like appearance
Clostridium tetani
49
Spore-forming (metabolically inactive)
Clostridiums
50
Tetanus toxin
tetanospasmin
51
travels via retrograde axonal transport to spinal cord
Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin); Clostridium tetani
52
protease that cleaves SNARE proteins --> inhibition of GABA and glycine (inhibitory) release from Renshaw cells in spinal cord, irreversible binding
Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin); Clostridium tetani
53
Clostridium tetani catalase ___
negative
54
Clostridium tetani oxidase ___
negative
55
Clostridium tetani obligate ___
anaerobe
56
Clostridium tetani motility
motile (flagella)
57
eismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus (“evil smile”), opisthotonos (arched back)
Rigid paralysis (Clostridium tetani)
58
Puncture wounds from barbed wire and rusty nails, Ubiquitous in soil
Clostridium tetani
59
Clostridium tetani treatment
Tetanus immunoglobulin-neutralizes unbound toxin
60
Clostridium tetani prevention
Toxoid vaccine (deactivated tetanus toxin, often given with DTaP)
61
Clostridium botulinum gram staining
Gram positive bacillus
62
protease that cleaves SNARE proteins --> inhibition of presynaptic release of acetylcholine (excitatory) at neuromuscular junction
Botulinum toxin (Clostridium botulinum)
63
Clostridium botulinum catalase ___
negative
64
Clostridium botulinum oxidase ___
negative
65
Clostridium botulinum obligate ___
anaerobe
66
Clostridium botulinum motility
motile (flagella)
67
Flaccid paralysis (descending)
Clostridium botulinum
68
Ptosis, diplopia, slurred speech, Respiratory muscle failure
Clostridium botulinum
69
“Floppy baby syndrome”
Clostridium botulinum
70
Transmitted via improperly canned food in adults (ingestions of preformed spores)
Clostridium botulinum
71
Transmitted via honey in infants (ingestion of spores)
Clostridium botulinum
72
can colonize in GI tract of infants as their gut flora is not yet fully developed
Clostridium botulinum
73
Ingestions of ___ Clostridium botulinum in adults
preformed spores
74
Ingestions of ___ Clostridium botulinum in infants
spores
75
In infants, antibiotic use is contraindication
Clostridium botulinum
76
In infants, ventilatory support is needed due to weakness of respiratory muscles
Clostridium botulinum
77
Clostridium perfringens gram staining
Gram positive bacillus
78
cleaves lecithin (phospholipid), damages cell membrane
Alpha toxin (lecithinase) (Clostridium perfringens)
79
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin
lecithinase
80
hemolytic activity
Theta toxin (Clostridium perfringens)
81
Clostridium perfringens ___ hemolysis
beta
82
Clostridium perfringens catalase ___
negative
83
Clostridium perfringens oxidase ___
negative
84
Clostridium perfringens motility
non-motile
85
Clostridium perfringens obligate ___
anaerobe
86
Double zone of beta-hemolysis on blood agar
Clostridium perfringens
87
Necrotizing skin, soft tissue infection
Clostridium perfringens
88
Myonecrosis (gas gangrene, hemolysis)
Clostridium perfringens
89
Late-onset food poisoning (watery diarrhea)
Clostridium perfringens
90
Associated with motorcycle accidents and military combat wounds
Clostridium perfringens
91
Clostridium perfringens found in
soil; undercooked/contaminated meats
92
Clostridium perfringens treatment
Penicillin (first line of treatment)
93
Clostridium difficile gram staining
Gram positive bacillus
94
recruits neutrophils to site of infection and stimulates cytokine release, disrupting tight junctions in intestinal tract and increasing permeability and fluid secretion
Toxin A (Clostridium difficile)
95
interferes with actin polymerization, increasing permeability of intestinal wall
Toxin B (Clostridium difficile)
96
Toxic megacolon
Clostridium difficile
97
Clostridium difficile catalase ___
negative
98
Clostridium difficile oxidase ___
negative
99
Clostridium difficile obligate ___
anaerobe
100
Clostridium difficile motility
motile (flagella)
101
detects toxin-encoding genes
NAAT (nucleic acid amplification) (diagnosing Clostridium difficile)
102
uses antibodies to detect toxins
EIA (enzyme immunoassay) (diagnosing Clostridium difficile)
103
Stool testing for glutamate dehydrogenase via EIA (does not distinguish toxigenic vs nontoxigenic)
diagnosing Clostridium difficile
104
Pseudomembranous colitis (yellow-white exudates on surface of colonic mucosal cells)
Clostridium difficile (DIFFiCult, DIarrhea and Colitis)
105
Watery, foul smelling diarrhea (high-volume)
Clostridium difficile (DIFFiCult, DIarrhea and Colitis)
106
Leukocytosis, fever
Clostridium difficile
107
Part of normal gut flora (toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains)
Clostridium difficile
108
Transmission via fecal-oral route (ingestion of spores)
Clostridium difficile
109
Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infection
Clostridium difficile
110
Antibiotics (disruption of gut microbiome): clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, penicillins
Clostridium difficile
111
Proton pump inhibitors (decreased stomach acidity = germination of spores)
Clostridium difficile
112
Wash hands with soap (resistant to alcohol-base hand sanitizers)
Clostridium difficile
113
Contact precautions in hospital
Clostridium difficile
114
Clostridium difficile first line of treatment
Oral vancomycin
115
Clostridium difficile treatment for severe infection
IV metronidazole
116
Fecal microbiota transplant (recurrent infection)
Clostridium difficile
117
“No Card Game for Old Men” sketchy
Nocardia species
118
“Israeli Soldier” sketchy
Actinomyces species
119
“Rhesus Research Revolution” sketchy
Clostridium tetani
120
“Robotulism” sketchy
Clostridium botulinum
121
“Private Ringen’s Motorcycle Accident” sketchy
Clostridium perfringens
122
“Chocolate Factory” sketchy
Clostridium difficile
