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Buddhism A level - WJEC > Buddhist Texts as Sources of Wisdom > Flashcards

Buddhist Texts as Sources of Wisdom Flashcards

1
Q

AO3: Who does not use the Patimokkha?

A
  • Northern Mahayanan traditions of Tibet and Nepal use the Sanskrit Pratimoksha.
  • Zen and Jodo Shinshu have hybrid versions.
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2
Q

AO3: Who does use the Patimokkha?

A

Therevada - specifically designed for monastic living.

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3
Q

AO3: For the Therevada, what does the Patimokkha create?

A

A safe atmosphere that is conductive for spiritual development.

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4
Q

AO3: What suggests thats that monastic discipline is important for all monastic Buddhism?

A

There are 227 Therevada Rules, 250 Mahayana Rules and 331 or 348 Bhikkhuni Rules.
* Mahayana has more despite being seen as less rigid - exemplifies its importance.

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5
Q

AO3: What does the Mahayana having more rules suggest?

A

The intricacy of the Patimokkha may not be crucial but the spirit of adhering to rules is.

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6
Q

AO3: What shows the Patimokkha to be important to lay Buddhists?

A

They partake in chanting it every full or new moon day.

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7
Q

AO3: What does the Patimokkha expand on which is key to Buddhism?

A

The five precepts -
* Killing
* Stealing
* Sexual Misconduct
* Lying
* Using intoxicants

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8
Q

AO3: What does Heng Sure from the Zen school of Buddhism say about the importance of the Patimokkha?

A

They are tools and guidelines to facilitate skilful decisions.

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9
Q

AO3: What are the parajikas?

A

The defeats - the most serious infringements in Theravada.

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10
Q

AO3: What do the parajikas require as punishment?

A

Expulsion from the monastic sangha and de-robing.

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11
Q

AO3: What are the four rules in the parajikas?

A
  • Sexual Intercourse
  • Theft
  • Killing
  • Lying or false claims about spiritual progression.
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12
Q

AO3: What Buddhist schools do not strictly follow the parajikas?

A

Japanese Shin tradition typically marry between monks and nuns for the Bodhisattva path.

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13
Q

AO3: What happened in Tibet that supports some examples of killing?

A

Tibetan monks have taken up arms against communist China - however this has been condemned by Thic Nhat Hanh.

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14
Q

AO3: What do some argue the aim of the parajikas is?

A

To prevent us from conditioning by society, minimising spiritual objects making it always useful.

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15
Q

Where can the most famous account of the Buddha’s death be found?

A

In the Sutta Pitaka, in a book called the Mahaparinibbana Sutta.

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16
Q

Parinibbana

A

The final passing away into nibbana from the cycle of life, death and rebirth.

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17
Q

The account of the Buddha’s death describes what?

A

The last days of the Buddha before his paranibbana, when he passed over to nibbana.

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18
Q

When did the Buddha die?

A

Aged 80.

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19
Q

What is argued in a theory about the cause of his death?

A

That he predicted his own parinibbana three months earlier.

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20
Q

What is the argued cause of his death?

A

An illness that developed after he after he ate some contaminated pork.

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21
Q

What did the Buddha establish in his lifetime?

A

Certain formal procedures for practicing the life he taught.

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22
Q

Sangha

A

Buddhist community of monks, nuns and laity.

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23
Q

How did his followers (the Sangha) live?

A

A very basic lifestyle.

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24
Q

What happened during the rainy season, when travel wasn’t practical? How did the wealthy supporters contribute to this?

A

It was a season where the wanderers or samanas (teachers) would take rest as a community, in one place, and focus on meditation.
- Wealthy supporters of the buddhist teachings donated land for this purpose.

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25
Q

What happened during the rainy periods?

A

A disciplined focus, developed on the path that the Buddha taught.
- Led to an environment specifically suited for intense spiritual development

26
Q

How much evidence is there after the Buddha’s death?

A

Early history unclear. Little evidence.

27
Q

Where did the first detailed record come from?

A

Chinese scholars who visited India in the 17th century.

28
Q

What element of wandering disappeared?

A

The Samana element, leaving a more static community known as the Sangha.

29
Q

What were the rules established by the Buddha that the Sangha followed?

A

Vinaya - code of discipline.

30
Q

What were the vinaya known as when they were wrote down? What did they deal with?

A

Known as the Vinaya Pitaka - basket of discipline.
- First section of Buddhist scriptures;
- Dealt with monastic discipline.

31
Q

What did the monk Subhadda say following the Buddha’s death?

A

‘now we shall be able to do as we wish, and what we do not wish, we shall not do’.

32
Q

Why did the early monks feel it was necessary to gather?

A

In response to these attitudes, for the purpose of consolidating the rules for practising the middle way.

33
Q

What were these gatherings known as in Buddhist history?

A

The councils.

34
Q

How many council’s were there that influenced the course of early Buddhism?

A

Three.

35
Q

When was the first council at Rajagaha? How long did it last?

A
  • Held three months after the death of the Buddha.
  • Lasted for about 7 months and was held under the patronage of King Ajatsattu.
36
Q

What was the purpose of the council (two-fold)?

A
  1. To establish the principles of practice for the Sangha, called the vinaya, which was the discipline or code of conduct.
  2. To establish the teachings of the Buddha that had been transmitted orally.
37
Q

When did the second council at Vesali occur?

A

About 100 years after the first.

38
Q

Why was the second council held?

A

In response to more serious internal conflict in the Sangha.
- Dispute over how the rules were being applied although not much is known about the nature of the dispute.

39
Q

What does Mahayana sources believe was the cause of the dispute was?

A

A monk called Mahadeva accused the leading monks of the Sangha at the time of five counts of unenlightened behaviour.

40
Q

What does Mahayana sources believe happened at the second council?

A

The first major split.

41
Q

What does Peter Harvey believe about the split?

A

Harvey acknowledges the ten-point dispute at the second council but does not link it to the split between the Sthaviravadins and the Mahasanghikas that occurred at the third council.

42
Q

Mahasanghikas

A

The other party involved in the original split who
many believe to be the forerunner of Mahayana Buddhism.

43
Q

Sthaviravadins

A

One of the two sections of the original Sangha, it is
the Sanskrit version of Theravadins.

44
Q

When was the third council at Pataliputra? How long did it last?

A

This was very soon after the second council at Vesali; some suggest it was only 17 years later. Lasted nine
months.

45
Q

What did the councils establish?

A

Overall, the three councils established what is now identified as the basic Vinaya of the Theravada tradition.

46
Q

What is the contents of the Vinaya?

A

Traditionally, the contents of the Vinaya are the 227 Patimokkha or rules that deal with eight types of behaviour for monks and nuns.

47
Q

What is the purpose of the Patimokkha?

A

The overall purpose of Patimokkha is positive and attempts to guide someone back to the right path.

48
Q

Who is the section of the Vinaya containing the Patimokkha directed towards?

A

The section of the Vinaya containing the Patimokkha is specifically directed towards the individual and is known as the Sutta Vibhanga.

49
Q

What does the additional Bhikkuni Vibhanga deal with?

A

Rules specifically directed towards nuns.

50
Q

What were the eight key areas of monastic life that this covered?

A
  • Parajilas: rules entailing expulsion from the Sangha
  • Sanghadisesa: rules entailing an initial and subsequent meeting of the Sangha
  • Aniyata: indefinite rules
  • Nissaggiya Pacittiya: rules entailing forfeiture and confession
  • Pacittiya: rules entailing confession
  • Patidesaniya: rules pertaining to acknowledgement
  • Sekhiya: rules of training
  • Adikarana Samatha: rules for settling disputes.
51
Q

What is the second section of the Vinaya?

A

Khandhaka - Deals with the overall organisation of the Sangha.

52
Q

What is the Khandhaka split into?

A
  • Mahavagga - deals with organisation
  • Cullavagga - deals with the procedure for formal discipline.
53
Q

What is the final section of the Vinaya?

A

Parivara - summary and classification of rules.

54
Q

What were the Patimokkha associated with?

A

An ‘origin story’ in order to exemplify the rule in practice.

55
Q

When was the Patimokkha recited in Theravada Buddhism?

A

Before the assembled community of the fully ordained on a full moon and new moon days.

56
Q

What is the purpose of the Pattimokka?

A

To protect and guide the monastics.

57
Q

Why were the rules given? (10)

A

(1) the excellence and well-being of the Community,
(2) the control of ill-behaved monks and the comfort of well-behaved monks;
(3) the restraint of bad habits in this life and the prevention of bad habits in the next;
(4) the arousing of faith in the faithless and the increase of faith in the faithful;
(5) the establishment of the dhamma and support of Vinaya.

58
Q

When are the Patimokkhas chanted?

A

The Patimokkha are chanted – sometimes by memory – by the monastic sangha of ordained bhikkus/bhikkunis twice a week – on all full moon and new moon days.

59
Q

What is the purpose of the four parajikas?

A

Rules that, if broken, lead to expulsion from the monastic sangha and to the end of that person following the life of a bhikku/bhikkuni.

60
Q

What are all four parajikas?

A

The Four Parajikas are: (1) engaging in any form of sexual intercourse; (2) stealing in taking that which is not given; (3) intentionally bringing about someone’s death whether directly or indirectly; (4) claiming to have attained a superior spiritual status than others.

61
Q

What do the four parajikas remind?

A

The Four Parajikas are a reminder of the importance of detachment and control of the mind and the body.

Buddhism A level - WJEC (18 decks)

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