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R.S (Buddhism is Done) > Buddhism - Beliefs and Teachings > Flashcards

Buddhism - Beliefs and Teachings Flashcards

1
Q

What did Siddhartha do as soon as he was born?

A

.

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2
Q

How did the prophecy that was made about Siddhartha affect his upbringing?

A

His father wanted him to become a great King, so he supplied Siddhartha with everything he could possibly want in order to separate him from the problems of the world as much as possible.

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3
Q

What were the 4 sights (or 4 signs) that Siddhartha saw when he was 29 years old?

A
  • Old age
  • Illness
  • Death
  • Holy man
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4
Q

What did the 4 sights make Siddhartha realise?

A

He became aware of the problems of the world, and the perpetuity of human suffering.

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5
Q

Why did Siddhartha decide to leave his life of wealth and his family?

A

He wanted to find an answer to the problem of suffering.

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6
Q

Why did Siddhartha decide to follow ascetic practices for 6 years?

A

He had been impressed by the sense of peace that had felt coming from the holy man, who was an ascetic.

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7
Q

List 3 ascetic practices that he tried out.

A

Ignoring appetite.
Sleeping on a bed of thorns.
Live in dangerous, hostile forests, that were too hot during the day and too cold at night.

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8
Q

What event led him to turn away from asceticism?

A

A girl offered him a bowl of milk and rice and he accepted it because at that point he was too weak to even meditate.

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9
Q

Why did he feel asceticism did not work for him?

A

It hadn’t provided a cure for suffering.

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10
Q

Explain 2 ways in which the Buddha’s ascetic life influenced his later teaching.

A

It taught him discipline and willpower,

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11
Q

When Siddhartha sat down under the Peepul tree, what did he promise himself before he begun his meditation?

A

He would not get up from that spot until he had found a cure for the problem of suffering.

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12
Q

In what ways did Mara try to prevent Siddhartha try to prevent him from becoming enlightened? 4 ways.

A
  • He sent his daughters to seduce Siddhartha.
  • He sent his armies to attack Siddhartha.
  • He offered Siddhartha control of his kingdom.
  • Mara himself tried to attack Siddhartha.
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13
Q

Why did Siddhartha touch the earth?

A

To call upon the earth and called upon the earth to witness his right to sit under the peepul tree in meditation.

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14
Q

List the 3 Watches of the Night that Siddhartha experienced during the night of his enlightenment.

A

1) Gained knowledge of all of his previous lives.
2) Came to understand the repeating cycle of life, death and rebirth. He understood that being were born depending on their kamma and he realised the importance of anatta.
3) He came to understand why suffering happens and how to overcome it.

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15
Q

Explain 2 ways in which learning about the life of the Buddha influences Buddhists today.

A
  • It teaches them to reject luxuries and superficial objects.
  • It teaches them that meditation is key to achieving enlightenment.
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16
Q

What are the two meanings of ‘Dhamma’?

A
  1. The Buddha’s teachings.

2. Truth about the nature of existence, as understood by the Buddha.

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17
Q

Why did the Buddha want his followers to test and question his teachings?

A

Because he did not want people to follow his teachings because of his reputation or because they were impressed with him as a teacher.

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18
Q

What would Buddhists say are the benefits of following the Dhamma?

A

It eliminates much suffering from their lives, as well as making them wiser and more compassionate.

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19
Q

What are the 3 Refuges (or 3 Jewels)?

A
  1. The Buddha
  2. The Dhamma - The Buddha’s teachings
  3. The Sangha - Other members of the community who follow the Buddha’s teachings.
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20
Q

What are the three meanings of ‘Sangha’?

A
  1. All those who have become enlightened follwoing the Buddha’s teachings.
  2. Monks and nuns.
  3. The community of all those who follow the Buddha;s teachings, whether ordained or lay.
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21
Q

Explain what it means to ‘go for refuge’ in the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.

A

To seek safety from suffering.

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22
Q

Give three reasons why the Sangha is important to a Buddhist’s life.

A
  1. Guidance from ordained members of the community
  2. Reassurance that other people of the community have achieved enlightenment through the Buddha’s teachings
  3. Support and friendship.
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23
Q

How does the Tibetan Wheel of life illustrate the process of dependent arising?

A

The outer circle of the wheel is made up of 12 links or stages. The 12th link(old age and death) which leads directly into the first link (ignorance). This represents the Buddhist teaching about rebirth: many Buddhists believe that when they die, their consciousness transfers to a new body.

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24
Q

How is Kamma linked to dependent arising?

A

Good actions can lead to a more favourable rebirth.

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25
Q

What habit do Buddhists need to break, in order to escape the cycle of Samsara? How do they break this habit?

A

Breaking the habit of craving (tanha). This is broken by detaching oneself from material acquisitions.

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26
Q

How do they break the habit of craving and reach nibbana?

A

By rejecting attachment to impermanent things as well as other Buddhist teachings.

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27
Q

What are the 3 marks of existence?

A
  • Dukkha - Suffering
  • Anicca - Impermanence
  • Anatta - Having no permanent fixed self or soul.
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28
Q

List and explain the 3 types of Dukkha.

A
  • Suffering caused by bad things happening, either physically or emotionally - Dukkha-Dukkha
  • Suffering caused by change - Viparinama-Dukkha
  • Suffering caused by attachment - Samkhara-Dukkha
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29
Q

What are the three ways anicca affects the world?

A
  • Living things - they are born and age and decay.
  • Non-living things - Example: Rusting
  • Our minds - Thoughts, feelings and morals change frequently throughout our lives.
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30
Q

How does anicca lead to Dukkha?

A

Becoming attached to things can cause suffering when the things you are attached to change by anicca.

31
Q

How can understanding anicca lead to a reduction of Dukkha?

A

It can reduce the amount of suffering one has by allowing them to see that becoming attache to things will almost definitely cause suffering at some point.

32
Q

Explain how the story of Kisa Gotami and the mustard seed shows that understanding anicca can reduce Dukkha.

A

Because it shows that if you understand the impermanence of everything then you can accept the recent deduction of certain attachments from your life, including accepting the death of love ones.

33
Q

How does the story of Nagasena and the Chariot illustrate the concept of anatta?

A

Because it shows that everyone is just a sum of their parts, rather than defined as a fixed article.

34
Q

What are the 5 aggregates (skandhas) that people are made up of?

A
  • Form
  • Sensation
  • Perception
  • Mental Formations
  • Consciousness
35
Q

If there is no fixed, independent ‘self’ or ‘soul’ then what is reborn?

A

There is a continuation of kammic energy, which means that the energy that is a person’s kamma passes on into another being.

36
Q

When did the Buddha discover the 4 Noble Truths?

A

When he was meditating under the peepul tree.

37
Q

List the 4 Noble Truths (including Sanskrit / Pali words)

A
  • The truth of suffering (Dukkha)
  • The truth of the cause of suffering (Samudaya)
  • The truth of the end of suffering (Nirodha)
  • The truth of the path leading to the end of suffering (Magga)
38
Q

How can the Buddha be compared to a doctor curing a disease?

A

When a doctor establishes that you have an illness, he first finds the cause (The first two noble truths). He then tells you what the cure is (The third noble truth). He then prescribes the cure and undergoing this treatment helps you to get better (The fourth noble truth).

39
Q

How do Theravada and Mahayana Buddhists differ in the importance they place on the 4 Noble Truths?

A

For Theravada Buddhist, understanding the four truths is the most important goal for achieving enlightenment. For Mahayana Buddhists, it is important, but they also emphasises other teachings, such as the development of compassion, as being central to the experience of enlightenment.

40
Q

Some people think the Buddha’s teaching that suffering is a part of life is pessimistic; how would Buddhists argue against this?

A

They would argue that it is simply realistic and that everyone experiences pain and suffering at some point in their lives. It is a universal truth, so dissatisfaction or suffering in life is a problem that everyone needs to overcome.

41
Q

What does the Buddha say is the main cause of suffering?

A

Tanhā, or craving.

42
Q

What are the 3 types of tanha?

A
  • Craving things that please the senses.
  • Craving to become something you are not.
  • Craving non existence of yourself or something else.
43
Q

How does tanha link to the 3 Poisons?

A

Buddhists teach that craving is rooted in ignorance, one of the three poisons. It also taught that craving leads to greed and hatred, the other two poisons.

44
Q

Why is the third Noble Truth important?

A

Because it gives Buddhists the reassurance and base belief that fuels their goal; that Suffering can be overcome.

45
Q

Nibbana literally means ‘extinction’ or ‘blowing out’ of a flame - what is extinguished when enlightenment is achieved?

A

The three poisons.

46
Q

‘Buddha’ means ‘knowing’ or ‘awake’ - what would a person know when they have become enlightened?

A

The cause and solution to the problem of suffering.

47
Q

List the 8 practises that make up the Eightfold Path.

A
  1. Right speech
  2. Right action
  3. Right livelihood
  4. Right effort
  5. Right mindfulness
  6. Right concentration
  7. Right understanding
  8. Right intention
48
Q

What are the 3 section these are grouped into, which makes up the threefold way?

A

Ethics (Sila)
Meditation (Samadhi)
Wisdom (Panna)

49
Q

What is the purpose of following the Eightfold Path?

A

It is a guideline for all Buddhists on the way in which they should attempt to teach enlightenment.

50
Q

What is Theravada Buddhism also known as?

A

The School of elders

51
Q

Why is Theravada Buddhism sometimes regarded as classical or orthodox Buddhism?

A

Because the school emphasises ordination in the monastic community.

52
Q

What is the main focus of commitment within Theravada Buddhism?

A

The Buddha, one of the three refuges.

53
Q

What do Theravada monastics (monks and nuns) focus on in particular?

A

Meditation. They believe that commitment to the Buddha and the Eightfold Path will bring good merit or kamma.

54
Q

List the 5 aggregates that make up the human personality in Theravada Buddhism?

A
  • Form
  • Sensation
  • Perception
  • Mental Formation
  • Consciousness.
55
Q

List 4 of the main Buddhist traditions that come within the umbrella of Mahayana Buddhism?

A
  • Pure Land
  • Zen
  • Tibetan
  • Nichiren
56
Q

How do Mahayana beliefs about the Buddha differ from Theravada beliefs?

A

Mahayana Buddhists believe that the main goal of Buddhism is to be a Bodhisattva rather than an Arhat.

57
Q

Explain the Mahayana concept of Sunyata and its translation.

A

It is often translated as “emptiness”. It emphasises that not only do human beings not have a fixed, independent, unchanging nature, but that in fact all things are like that.

58
Q

Explain the Mahayana concept of Buddha-nature, using the analogy of honey and bees.

A

The honey is sweet and tasty but as long as it is surrounded by bees, it isn’t possible to get to the honey, even though it’s been there all the time. The only way to experience the honey is to get rid of the bees.

59
Q

What is an Arhat, and what happens to them when they die?

A

An Arhat is a ‘perfected person’ who has achieved enlightenment, overcoming suffering. They are no longer reborn when they die, so they escape the cycle of samsara.

60
Q

Which school of Buddhism believes that the goal of life is to become an Arhat?

A

Theravada Buddhists.

61
Q

Why do Theravada Buddhists believe that the goal of life is to become an Arhat?

A

Because the original Buddha became an Arhat.

62
Q

How is the goal of becoming an Arhat achieved?

A

Reaching Nirvana results in the overcoming of suffering, which allows the Buddhist to exit the cycle of life and death.

63
Q

What is a Bodhisattva?

A

A person who sees their enlightenment as being bound up with the enlightenment of all beings. Out of compassion, they remain in the cycle of samsara in order to help others achieve enlightenment as well.

64
Q

Which school of Buddhism believes that the goal of life is to become a Bodhisattva? Why do they believe this and what aspects of their lives do they need to perfect to achieve the goal? (6)

A

Mahayana Buddhists believe this because of the Buddha’s teaching of compassion. The goal is achieved by perfecting:

  • Generosity
  • Morality
  • Patience
  • Energy
  • Meditation
  • Wisdom
65
Q

What is the difference between earthly and transcendent Bodhisattvas?

A

‘Earthly’ Bodhisattvas continue to be reborn into the world to live on Earth, while ‘transcendent’ Bodhisattvas remain in some region between the Earth and nibbana as spiritual or mythical beings.

66
Q

Which tradition of Buddhism is Pure Land part of?

A

Mahayana.

67
Q

Where is Pure Land Buddhism practised most?

A

Japan and China.

68
Q

Who was Amitabha Buddha?

A

He was a king who renounced his throne and became a monk. He created Sukhavati.

69
Q

What is Sukhavati?

A

A Pure Land that can be found far to the west, beyond the boundaries of our own world.

70
Q

Why did Amitabha Buddha create Sukhavati?

A

He created it out of his compassion and love for all beings.

71
Q

What do Pure Land Buddhists believe will happen to them if they are reborn in Sukhavati?

A

They will be taught by Amitabha himself and will therefore have a much better chance of attaining Buddhahood.

72
Q

What is Sukhavati supposed to be like?

A

There is no suffering, and none of the problems that stop people in our own world from attaining enlightenment.

73
Q

What are the 5 practices that Pure and Buddhists must follow if they are to be reborn into Sukhavati?

A
  • Reciting scriptures
  • Meditating on Amitabha and his paradise
  • Worshipping Amitabha
  • Chanting his name
  • Making praises and offerings to him.
74
Q

Why is it sometimes seen as easier to reach enlightenment in Pure Land Buddhism than in other forms of Buddhism?

A

Because unlike other forms of Buddhism, which teach that enlightenment can only be gained through one’s own thoughts and meditation, Pure Land Buddhism teaches that it can be achieved with Amitabha’s help.

R.S (Buddhism is Done) (9 decks)

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