Buddeh 3 Flashcards
What is learning?
A lasting change caused by experience; inferred from behavior and cannot be directly observed.
What is associative learning?
A change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked.
What is non-associative learning?
Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; occurs after repeated exposure to a single stimulus.
Define habituation.
Weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation.
Define dishabituation.
Recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation.
Define sensitization.
A strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to subsequent weaker stimuli.
What are the two main types of associative learning?
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
What is classical conditioning?
A form of associative learning between two previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response.
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
A stimulus that elicits a response on its own (e.g., food).
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
A physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; does not need to be learned (e.g., salivation).
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A neutral stimulus that elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus after pairing.
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
A physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; acquired through experience.
What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
The initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship.
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
Reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone.
What is spontaneous recovery?
Re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred.
Define stimulus generalization.
When stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus trigger the same conditioned response.
Define stimulus discrimination.
When an organism learns to emit a specific behavior in the presence of a conditioned stimulus but not in the presence of similar stimuli.
What is higher-order conditioning?
When a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.
What is a phobia?
Persistent, irrational, or obsessive fear of a specific object or situation.
What is systematic desensitization?
A process used to condition the extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.
What is conditioned taste aversion?
A form of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus elicits an aversive reaction after being paired with illness.
What is operant conditioning?
A form of associative learning where behavior is modified depending on its consequences.
What is the law of effect?
Behaviors leading to rewards are more likely to occur again; behaviors producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.
What is a reinforcer?
An experience that produces an increase in a certain behavior.
Define positive reinforcement.
Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behavior to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur.
Define negative reinforcement.
Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behavior will reoccur.
What is positive punishment?
Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated.
What is negative punishment?
Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behavior to decrease the probability of the behavior being repeated.
What are primary reinforcers?
- Food
- Water
- Termination of pain
What are secondary reinforcers?
- Money
- Grades
- Praise
- Approval
What is continuous reinforcement?
Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
What is intermittent reinforcement?
Behavior is only followed by reinforcement some of the time.
What is shaping?
Introducing new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.
What is behavior modification?
A systematic approach to change behavior using principles of operant conditioning.
What is learned helplessness?
Repeated exposure to inescapable punishment produces a failure to make escape attempts.
What is observational learning?
Learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior of others.
What is modeling?
When an observer learns from the behavior of another.
What is vicarious learning?
When an individual observes the consequences of another’s actions and chooses to duplicate the behavior or refrain from doing so.
What are mirror neurons?
Neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action.
What is implicit learning?
Acquisition of information without awareness (e.g., learning to talk).
What is spatial navigation learning?
Involves formal associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space.
What is latent learning?
A form of learning that is not expressed until there is a reward or incentive.
What is insight learning?
A sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts.
What is the Stroop Effect?
If information is inherently contradictory, attending to one stimulus can block our ability to attend to the relevant stimulus.
What is prenatal learning?
Exhibit habituation and sensitization to sensory stimuli; can be classically conditioned.
What is postnatal learning?
Newborns can imitate facial expressions only a few hours after birth.
Define specific learning disorder.
A disorder that interferes with the acquisition and use of basic psychological processes involved in academic skills.
What is dyslexia?
A reading disorder.
What is dyscalculia?
A mathematics disorder.
What is dysgraphia?
A disorder of written expression.
