BSS: Early childhood development Flashcards
What is APGAR test done to newborn babies?
> What is a healthy result?
- Done 1 and 5 mins after birth
> 7+ is healthy
New born abilities:
1- What reflex do new born babies have?
1-
Grasping - grips tightly enough to hold own weight
Rooting - turn mouth towards nipple after cheek is stroked
Sucking - anything that touches lips
Stepping - walking movements when held upright above flat surface
Moro - response to sudden noise/movement, arms & legs flung out then brought back to body
New born abilities:
- What perceptions do new born babies have?
Smell - breastfed babies show preference for own mother’s milk at a few days old
Taste - suck longer & slower with few pauses with sweet drinks
Hearing - distinguish notes one note apart on music scale, particularly attuned to speech
Vision - approx 20:600, preference for large patterns & high contrast stimuli
1 hour old babies show preference for what stimuli?
- Face like stimuli
New born abilities promote bonding with caregivers = surge of love + tenderness felt for baby.
What factors promote bonding?
Sucking
Cuddling response
Eye contact
Crying
Scent
Smiling
Skin to skin contact
What happens as a result of skin to skin contact?
- Calms & relaxes mother & baby
- Regulates baby’s heart rate, breathing & temperature
- Stimulates digestion & encourages pre-feeding behaviour
- Enables colonisation of baby’s skin with mother’s friendly bacteria
- Stimulates release of hormones (prolactin, oxytocin) to support breastfeeding & mothering
- Reduces cortisol levels (particularly following painful procedures)
- Similar benefits observed in fathers & babies
Define attachment
- What did Lorenz/harlow research suggest about attachment?
- A deep emotional & social bond between infant & caregiver
- Attachment = neural/biological predisposition + Nurturing more important than food giving
1- What does the attachment theory by Bowlby suggest?
2- What does secure attachment predict?
1- Important for survival, children are biologically programmed to form attachments to caregiver
2- Healthy social and emotional development e.g. separation anxiety at 7-8months
1- What factors promote attachment?
2- What factors influence attachment behaviour?
1- Factors that promote attachment
Reciprocity of behaviour of infant & carer
Responsiveness – prompt & appropriate sensitivity to needs, source of comfort & support
Synchrony & co-ordinated play & stimulation
2- Factors that influence attachment behaviour
Mood & temperament
Emotional & social support
Clinical problems (care-giver & baby, e.g. failure to thrive, disabilities)
Explain Ainsworths strange situation (- Childrens behaviour when mother leaves + What is the mothers parenting style) in relation to the following attachment styles:
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Ambivalent
- Disorganised
Babies with no/insecure attachment can have developmental delay.
- Give examples of this
- Social-behavioural problems (impaired response to emotional expression & forming emotional attachments)
- Indiscriminate attachment (safety seeking)
- Altered neurodevelopment
> Smaller prefrontal cortex in children who had been mistreated
> Neurochemistry differences
What is a critical period?
- Crucial time during which specific events must occur for normal development to proceed
How do men feel during partners pregnancy?
- Excluded during partner’s pregnancy & birth of their baby
> Interventions for fathers have enhanced father-child interaction & paternal self-efficacy
Babies with active fathers are….
become more sociable
are more at ease with strangers
have improved cognitive functioning
have fewer behavioural problems
1- Mothers are more likely to continue breastfeeding if..
2- Fathers are more likely to stay involved with their child during first 3yrs if….
1- Fathers given ante-natal lessons about benefits
2- Attend birth
Here is a list of hormones:
When do they increase/decrease for mum and dad?
What are:
- Social+ emotional
- Cognitive
- Physical+ motor
Chilhood developments
- Social & emotional – relationships with others, self, communication, independence, theory of mind
- Cognitive – language, thinking, intelligence, problem solving
- Physical & motor – crawling, walking, hand-eye coordination, body size
How does our development of understanding progress?
Piagest stages of cognitive development show children are not miniature adults but think differently.
What are the 4 stages.. Give the ages too.
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Pre-operational (2-7 years)
Concrete operational (7-11)
Formal operational (11+ years)
Describe the characteristics of each stage of cognitive development.
Sensorimotor (0-2 years) = Object permanence
- Differentiates self from object
- Recognise they can act intentionally
Pre-operational (2-7 years) = Thinking is egocentric
- Learns language use and representation
- Classifies objects by single feature e.g. colour/shape..
Concrete operational (7-11) = Achieves conservation
- Thinking becomes more logical
Formal operational (11+ years) = Thinks logically about abstract propositions
- Moral reasonings
- Tests hypotheses systematically
Physical development: Gross motor
When do babies learn how to…
Roll over
Sit
Stand with support
Crawl
Walk
Roll over - 3m
Sit- 6m
Stand with support - 6m
Crawl - 9m
Walk - 12m
Physical development: Fine motor
When do babies learn to…
Uncoordinated reach for objects
Pincer movement, turn pages
Poke
Strong hand preference
Bowl bladder control
Uncoordinated reach for objects - 0-4m
Pincer movement, turn pages - 4-12m
Poke - 1/2yrs
Strong hand preference - 2-3yrs
Bowl bladder control - 2-2.5yrs
