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BIOSTAT LEC > BSLEC 1 > Flashcards

BSLEC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information

A

Statistics

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2
Q

some of the most fundamental tools and techniques of the scientific method:

A

forming hypotheses.
designing experiments and observational studies,
gathering data,
summarizing data,
drawing inferences from data (e.g., testing hypotheses)

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3
Q

refers to a numerical quantity computed from sample data (e.g., the mean, the median, the maximum)

A

statistic

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4
Q

study and development of statistical theory and methods in the abstract

A

Mathematical Statistics

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5
Q

application of statistical methods to solve real problems involving randomly generated data, and the development of new statistical methodology motivated by real problems

A

Applied Statistics

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6
Q

branch of applied statistics directed toward applications in the health sciences and biology

A

Biostatistics

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7
Q

the set of all measurements of interest to a researcher.

A

Population

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8
Q

Populations can be thought of as ___

A

existing or conceptual.

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9
Q

well-defined sets of data containing elements that could be identified explicitly

A

Existing populations

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10
Q

are non-existing, yet visualized, or imaginable, sets of measurements.

A

Conceptual populations

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11
Q

Set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study

A

Sample

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12
Q

A value, usually numerical value, that describes a population

A

Parameter

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13
Q

A value, usually a numerical value, that

describes a sample

A

Statistics

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14
Q

Usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population

A

Parameter

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15
Q

A sample statistic is ____ of the average of the statistic is equal to the population parameter.

A

unbiased

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16
Q

A sample statistic is ___ if the average value of the statistic either underestimates or overestimates the corresponding population parameter.

A

biased

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17
Q

Two types of variables

A

Qualitative variables

Quantitative variables

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18
Q

can assume numeric values

A

Quantitative variables

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19
Q

Nonnumeric in nature

A

Qualitative variables

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20
Q

Quantitative variables

are classified into two groups:

A

discrete variables and continuous variable

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21
Q

Variable having only Integer values

A

Discrete variables

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22
Q

variable that is not restricted to particular values

A

Continuous variable

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23
Q

Observations (I.e., dependent variables) that occur in one of two possible states, often labelled zero and one.

A

Binary variable

24
Q

Usually an independent or predictor variable that contains values indicating membership in one of several possible categories

A

Categorical Variable

25
Q

A variable that obscures the effects of another variable.

A

Confounding variable

26
Q

An extraneous variable that an investigator does not wish to examine in a study.

A

Control variable

27
Q

The presumed effect in a nonexperimental study.

A

Criterion variable

28
Q

The presumed effect in an experimental study.

A

Dependent variable

29
Q

Created by recoding categorical variables that have more than two categories into a series of binary variables,

A

Dummy Variables

30
Q

A variable that is an inherent part of the system being studied and that is determined from within the system.

A

Endogenous variable

31
Q

A variable entering from and determined from outside of the system being studied

A

Exogenous variable

32
Q

The presumed cause in an experimental study. All other variables that may impact the andent dependent variable are controlled.

A

Independent variable

33
Q

A variable that explains a relation or provides a causal link between other variables.

A

Intervening variable .

34
Q

lso called by some authors “mediating variable” or “Intermediary variable.”

A

Intervening variable .

35
Q

An underlying variable that cannot be observed.

A

Latent variable

36
Q

An observed variable assumed to indicate the presence of a latent variable.

A

Manifest variable

37
Q

Also known as an Indicator variable.

A

Manifest variable

38
Q

Synonym for intervening variable.

A

Mediating variable

39
Q

A variable that influences, or moderates, the relation between two other variables and thus produces an interaction effect.

A

Moderating variable

40
Q

A variable used to rank a sample of individuals with respect to some characteristics, but differences (.e., Intervals) and different points of the scale are not necessarily equivalent.

A

Ordinal variable

41
Q

The presumed effect in a nonexperimental study. Synonym for criterion variable,

A

Outcome variable

42
Q

Variables that can have more than two possible values, Strictly speaking, this includes all but binary variables.

A

Polychotomous variables

43
Q

The presumed “cause” of a nonexperimental study. Often used in correlational studies.

A

Predictor variable

44
Q

Measurements or observations

A

Data

45
Q

A collection of measurements or observations

A

Data set

46
Q

A single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score.

A

Datum

47
Q

Firsthand data or raw data

A

PRIMARY DATA

48
Q

which is already collected and recorded by any person other than the user for a purpose, not relating to the current research problem

A

Second-hand information

49
Q

readily available form of data collected from various sources like censuses, government publications, internal records of the organization, reports, books, journal articles, websites, etc.

A

SECONDARY DATA

50
Q

Two Types of Statistical Method

A

Descriptive statistics

Inferential statistics

51
Q

Concerned with the describing the target population

A

Descriptive Statistics

52
Q

Make inferences from the sample and generalize them to the population.

A

Inferential Statistics

53
Q

Compares,tests and predicts future outcomes.

A

Inferential Statistics

54
Q

Organize,analyze and present the data in a meaningful manner

A

Descriptive Statistics

55
Q

Final results are shown in form of charts, tables and graph

A

Descriptive Statistics

56
Q

Final result is the probability scores

A

Inferential Statistics

BIOSTAT LEC (3 decks)

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