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B&B 3 > BS > Flashcards

BS Flashcards

1
Q

Babinski sign

A
  • Upturning toes indicates pathological upper motor neuron lesion
  • Corticospinal tract
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2
Q

Corticospinal tract

A
  • Voluntary mvmt of body
  • 80% Cross over at medulla
  • Originate in cerebral cortex
  • Form pyramids of medulla
  • Upper motor neurons
  • Synapse with interneurons
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3
Q

Deep tendon reflexes

A
  • Stretch reflex, direct response from spinal cord
    -Hyporeflexia- Lower motor neuron
    Hyperreflexia- Upper motor neuron, pyramidal tract
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4
Q

Flaccid paresis

A
  • Lower motor neuron
  • Weakness, hypotonia, hyporeflexia
  • GBS, encephalopathy, botulism
  • Inability to contract muscles
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5
Q

Hemiparesis

A
  • Injury above medulla cause contralateral hemiparesis

- Injury below medulla cause ipsilateral hemiparesis

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6
Q

Hyperreflexia

A
  • Upper motor neuron involvement

- Can be DTRs or superficial

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7
Q

Superficial reflex

A
  • Sensory signal must ascend to brain

- Interruption of pathway between brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Hypertonia

A
  • Upper motor lesion
  • Anterior horn of spinal cord
  • Reticulospinal tract
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9
Q

Hyporeflexia

A
  • Lower motor neuron issue
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10
Q

Hypotonia

A
  • Diminished resistance to passive movement

- Lower motor neuron disease

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11
Q

Internal capsule

A
  • Ascending and descending motor neurons
  • Corticospinal tract travels through
  • Going to and coming from cerebral cortex
  • Primary motor cotrex- hemiparesis and hemiplegia
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12
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • Fine mvmt of ipsilateral limbs
  • Largest part of corticospinal tract
  • Descending motor neuron
  • Decussates in pyramid of medulla
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13
Q

Pyramidal tract

A
  • Originate in cerebral cortex
  • Carry motor fibers to brainstem, spinal cord
  • Voluntary control of musculature
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14
Q

Extrapyramidal tract

A
  • Originate in brainstem
  • Motor fibers to spinal cord
  • Involuntary control of musculature
  • Tone, balance, posture and locomotion
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15
Q

Primary motor cortex

A
  • Organized somatotopically
  • Dorsal potion of frontal lobe
  • Excites lower motor neuron, inhibits reflexes, tone
  • Betz cells
  • Anterior to central sulcus
  • Activates contralateral side of body
  • Posterior limb of internal capsule
  • Cross over at medulla
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16
Q

Premotor cortex

A
  • Frontal lobe, anterior to primary motor cortex
  • Timed individual mvmts via direct and indirect stimulation
  • Excites groups of neurons
  • Spatial and sensory guidance of tasks
  • Visually cued conditional tasks
  • Projects to spinal cord
  • Trunk muscles
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17
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • Brainstem
  • Interconnected nuclei, motor integration
  • Behavioral arousal and consciousness
  • CV control
  • Pain modulation
  • Habituation
  • Sleep and consciousness
  • Raphe, red and parvocellular nuclei
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18
Q

Ventral corticospinal tract

A
  • Descending
  • Cerebral cortex to spinal cord
  • Ends in mid thoracic region
  • Cross at anterior white commissure
  • Voluntary motor impulses to precentral gyrus
19
Q

Ventral horn of spinal cord

A
  • Motor neurons of axial muscles
  • Corticospinal tract runs through
  • Intact sensation but weakness with lesion
20
Q

Vestibular nuclei

A
  • Medulla
  • Input from CN VIII
  • Lateral and medial nucleus to cerebellum
  • Vestibulospinal tract- coordinate head and trunk movements
21
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A
  • Extrapyramidal system
  • Motor commands
  • Alter muscle tone, extend and change position of limbs and head
  • Maintain posture and balance
  • Medial pathway, anterior horn cells
  • Funiculus
  • Righting reflex
22
Q

Lateral tracts

A

Precise movement of distal limbs

23
Q

Medial tracts

A

Gross movement of proximal limbs and trunk

24
Q

Muscle tone

A
  • Continuous, passive contraction of muscles
  • Hypertonia = UMN
  • Hypotonia = LMN
25
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A
  • Very large synapse, contact points

- LMN to skeletal musc

26
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockers

A
  • Paralysis of muscle, can’t sense ach
  • Inhibit effect of acetylcholine
  • Immobilization of pts
27
Q

Acetylcholine agonists

A
  • Nicotine is mild agonist
  • Activation of cholinergic system- BP, addiction
  • Stimulates muscle and doesn’t allow reexcition- exhaustion of muscle
28
Q

Acetylcholinesterase blockers

A
  • Build up of acetylcholinesterase at neuromusc jxn
  • Tx myasthenia gravis
  • Indirectly provided cholinergic action
  • Prolongation of muscle activity
29
Q

Stretch reflex arc

A
  • Activated by DTRs
  • Direct activation of LMN
  • Stretch -> afferent signal -> spinal cord -> efferent reflex -> activate musc, inhibit antagonist
  • Protective measure
  • Responsible for muscle tone
30
Q

Lateral funiculus motor systems

A
  • Contralateral corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts
  • Ventral horn
  • Activate lateral musculature (forearms)
  • Internal capsule
  • Inhibition from ventral horn
31
Q

Primary motor cortex

A
  • Precentral sulcus of central lobe
  • Analogus to primary somatosensory cortex
  • Fine motor control areas larger
32
Q

Corticospinal tract

A
  • Limbs, head and trunk
33
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

Face, neck, throat

34
Q

Lesion of lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • Ipsilateral deficit, weakness
  • Loss of fine motor movement in distal extremities
  • Hypertonia/ spasticity and clonus
  • Exaggerated babinski sign
35
Q

Unilateral destruction at dorsal column- C4

A

Ipsilateral proprioception loss

36
Q

Proprioception sensation

A
  • DCML

- Decussates at caudal medulla

37
Q

Unilateral destruction at dorsal root ganglion- C4

A
  • Ipsilateral proprioceptive sensation loss
38
Q

Unilateral destruction at anterolateral system- C4

A
  • Unaffected
39
Q

Unilateral destruction at lateral primary sensory cortex

A

Contralateral proprioception

- Loss of face

40
Q

Unilateral destruction at medical somatosensory cortex

A

Contralateral proprioception

- Loss of limbs

41
Q

Reticular activating system

A
  • Within reticular formation
  • Interconnected nuclei
  • Regulates activity in cerebral cortex
  • Auditory and temperature activation
  • Avoidance of pain, smells
42
Q

Paresthesia

A
  • Odd, unnatural sensation
  • Peripheral neuropathy,
  • Damage to relay nucleus, nerve or primary cortex
43
Q

Dysthesias

A

Unpleasant or painful sensations produced by stimulus

B&B 3 (7 decks)

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