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BS Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates- RDA

A
  • 130 g/d
  • 520 kcal/d
  • 45-65% diet
  • Amount of glucose required for brain to support normal physiological function
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2
Q

Fiber- RDA

A
  • 14 g/100kcal
  • More for men than women
  • GI, DM, benefits
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3
Q

Simple sugars- RDA

A
  • Part of the carbohydrate intake

- < 30-50 g of sugar

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4
Q

Protein- RDA

A
  • 45-56 g/d

- 10-30%

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5
Q

Thiamine- phys fxn

A
  • Cofactor for enzymes in cellular glucose and amino acid metabolism
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6
Q

Thiamine- RDA

A
  • 1.2-1.1 mg/d

- No know adverse effect for taking in excess

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7
Q

Riboflavin- phys fxn

A
  • Coenzyme in oxidation/ reduction reaction- FMN & FAD

- Required for fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial electron transport- ATP from glucose

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8
Q

Riboflavin- RDA

A
  1. 3-1.1 mg/d

- No upper limit

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9
Q

Niacin- phys fxn

A
  • Precursor for NAD/ NADP
  • Involved in energy metabolism pathway
  • Catabolism of fatty acids & glycolysis
  • Synthesis for cholesterol, DNA, RNA
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10
Q

Niacin- RDA

A

16-14 mg/ day

- Max 35 mg/day to avoid flushing

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11
Q

Pantothenic acid- phys fxn

A
  • CoA- brings acetyl coA into citric acid cycle

- Fatty acid oxidation

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12
Q

Pantothenic acid- AI

A
  • Not enough evidence for RDA

- 5 mg/d

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13
Q

Pyridoxine- phys fxn

A
  • Involved in amino acid metabolism

- Heme biosynthesis

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14
Q

Pyridoxine- RDA

A
  • 1.3 mg/d
  • UL: 100 mg/d
  • High intake- sensory neuropathy
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15
Q

Biotin- phys fxn

A

Facilities energy metabolism- fatty acid synthesis, gluceogenesis

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16
Q

Biotin- AI

A

30 mcg/d

- No upper limit

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17
Q

Cyanocobalamin- phys fxn

A
  • Methionine synthase- methylation rxns, Roxy of fatty acids

- RBC formation and maturation

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18
Q

Cyanocobalamin- RDA

A
  • Risk of vegans/ vegetarians- no plant based

- 2.4 mcg/day

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19
Q

Folate- phys fxn

A

Facilitates DNA replication, Turning genes on and off

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20
Q

Folate- RDA

A
  • 400 mcg/day
  • Max: 1000 mcg/day
  • Important in pregnancy- neural tube defects
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21
Q

Vit C- phys fxn

A
  • Cellular antioxidant
  • Neutralizes free radicals
  • Enhances iron absorption
  • Collagen formation & stability- wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae
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22
Q

Vit C- RDA

A
  • 75 - 90 mg/day
  • Smokers +35mg/day due to increased free radicals
  • UL: 2000 mg/day
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23
Q

Vit A- fxn

A
  • Vision

- Gene transcription: reprodcution, immune, embryonic,

24
Q

Vit A- RDA

A
  • 700-900 mcg retinol activity equivalents
  • UL: 10,000 iu, 3,000 RAE
    Upper limit can cause birth defects in pregnancy
25
Q

Vit D- fxn

A
  • Helps body absorb calcium

- Gene transcription

26
Q

Vit D- RDA

A

600 IU/day

- UL: 4,000 IU/day

27
Q

Vit E- fxn

A
  • lipid soluble antioxidant

- integrity of biological membranes

28
Q

Vit E- RDA

A

15 mg

- UL: 1000 mg

29
Q

Vit K- fxn

A
  • Allows normal blood clotting

- AI 90-120 mg/day

30
Q

Hormone of satiety: Ghrelin

A
  • Produced in stomach
  • When elevated stimulates appetite
  • Decreased initiates satiety
31
Q

Hormone of satiety: Leptin

A
  • Produced in adipocytes & stimulates hypothalamus

- Initiates satiety

32
Q

Hormone of satiety: Orexin

A
  • Stimulates food craving, arousal and wakefulness
  • Increased by ghrelin & hypoglycemia
  • Narcolepsy
  • Inhibited by leptin
33
Q

Thiamine deficiency- Eti

A
  • Due to alcoholism
34
Q

Thiamine deficiency- Sx

A
  • Anorexia, muscle cramps, paresthesia & irritability
  • Wet beriberi- high output HF
  • Dry beriberi- Pain, paresthesia and loss of reflex
35
Q

Thiamine deficiency- Dx

A
  • Clinical response to thiamine supplementation

- Urinary thiamine excretion

36
Q

Thiamine deficiency- Tx

A

Large parenteral thiamine doses

37
Q

Riboflavin deficiency- Eti

A
  • occur in combination with other deficiencies due to undernutrition and medication interactions
38
Q

Riboflavin deficiency- Sx

A
  • Cheilosis
  • Angular stomatitis
  • Glossitis
  • Seborrrheic dermatitis
  • Corneal vascularization
  • Anemia
39
Q

Riboflavin deficiency- Dx

A
  • Measurement of erythrocyte reductase and serum levels
40
Q

Riboflavin deficiency- Tx

A
  • Empirical treatment through nutrition & oral supplements
41
Q

Niacin- Eti

A
  • alcoholism, nutrient- drug interactions, inborn errors of metabolism
42
Q

Niacin- Sx

A
  • Traid of pellagra: dermatitis (dark, dry and scaling), diarrhea & dementia
43
Q

Niacin- Dx

A
  • Urine test

- Clinical

44
Q

Niacin- Tx

A

Oral niacin

45
Q

Vit B 6- Eti

A

Medication interactions

  • Alcoholism
  • Immunodeficiency
46
Q

Vit B 6- Sx

A
  • mouth soreness, glossitis, cheilosis, weakness, and irritability
  • Peripheral neuropathy, anemia, seizures
47
Q

Vit B 6- Dx

A

Pyridoxal phosphate levels in blood

48
Q

Vit B 6- Tx

A
  • Oral supplementation
49
Q

Vit C- Eti

A
  • Dietary inadequacy in urban poor, elderly & chronic alcoholism
  • Cigarettes, CKD & CA
50
Q

Vit C- Sx

A
  • Malaise & weakness
  • Scurvy: Petechiae, bleeding gums, perifollicular hy[erkeratotic papules
  • Edema, oliguria & neuropathy
51
Q

Vit C- Dx

A

Clinically based on skin lesions

  • Atraumatic hemearthrosis
  • Decreased plasma levels
52
Q

Vit C- Tx

A

Ascorbic acid, improvement occurs within days

53
Q

Vit A- Eti

A

Most common- elderly & urban poor

  • Common cause of blindness
  • Fat malabsorption syndromes of mineral oil laxatives
54
Q

Vit A- Sx

A
  • Night blindness
  • Xerosis
  • Bitot spots
55
Q

Vit A- Dx

A
  • Low serum levels

- Abnormalities in dark adaptation

56
Q

Vit A- Tx

A
  • Oral supplementation
57
Q

Fat

A
  • Unsaturated better
  • 20-35% of diet
  • Type of fat important- no trans, saturated

GM (11 decks)

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