BS Flashcards
Carbohydrates- RDA
- 130 g/d
- 520 kcal/d
- 45-65% diet
- Amount of glucose required for brain to support normal physiological function
Fiber- RDA
- 14 g/100kcal
- More for men than women
- GI, DM, benefits
Simple sugars- RDA
- Part of the carbohydrate intake
- < 30-50 g of sugar
Protein- RDA
- 45-56 g/d
- 10-30%
Thiamine- phys fxn
- Cofactor for enzymes in cellular glucose and amino acid metabolism
Thiamine- RDA
- 1.2-1.1 mg/d
- No know adverse effect for taking in excess
Riboflavin- phys fxn
- Coenzyme in oxidation/ reduction reaction- FMN & FAD
- Required for fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial electron transport- ATP from glucose
Riboflavin- RDA
- 3-1.1 mg/d
- No upper limit
Niacin- phys fxn
- Precursor for NAD/ NADP
- Involved in energy metabolism pathway
- Catabolism of fatty acids & glycolysis
- Synthesis for cholesterol, DNA, RNA
Niacin- RDA
16-14 mg/ day
- Max 35 mg/day to avoid flushing
Pantothenic acid- phys fxn
- CoA- brings acetyl coA into citric acid cycle
- Fatty acid oxidation
Pantothenic acid- AI
- Not enough evidence for RDA
- 5 mg/d
Pyridoxine- phys fxn
- Involved in amino acid metabolism
- Heme biosynthesis
Pyridoxine- RDA
- 1.3 mg/d
- UL: 100 mg/d
- High intake- sensory neuropathy
Biotin- phys fxn
Facilities energy metabolism- fatty acid synthesis, gluceogenesis
Biotin- AI
30 mcg/d
- No upper limit
Cyanocobalamin- phys fxn
- Methionine synthase- methylation rxns, Roxy of fatty acids
- RBC formation and maturation
Cyanocobalamin- RDA
- Risk of vegans/ vegetarians- no plant based
- 2.4 mcg/day
Folate- phys fxn
Facilitates DNA replication, Turning genes on and off
Folate- RDA
- 400 mcg/day
- Max: 1000 mcg/day
- Important in pregnancy- neural tube defects
Vit C- phys fxn
- Cellular antioxidant
- Neutralizes free radicals
- Enhances iron absorption
- Collagen formation & stability- wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae
Vit C- RDA
- 75 - 90 mg/day
- Smokers +35mg/day due to increased free radicals
- UL: 2000 mg/day
Vit A- fxn
- Vision
- Gene transcription: reprodcution, immune, embryonic,
Vit A- RDA
- 700-900 mcg retinol activity equivalents
- UL: 10,000 iu, 3,000 RAE
Upper limit can cause birth defects in pregnancy
Vit D- fxn
- Helps body absorb calcium
- Gene transcription
Vit D- RDA
600 IU/day
- UL: 4,000 IU/day
Vit E- fxn
- lipid soluble antioxidant
- integrity of biological membranes
Vit E- RDA
15 mg
- UL: 1000 mg
Vit K- fxn
- Allows normal blood clotting
- AI 90-120 mg/day
Hormone of satiety: Ghrelin
- Produced in stomach
- When elevated stimulates appetite
- Decreased initiates satiety
Hormone of satiety: Leptin
- Produced in adipocytes & stimulates hypothalamus
- Initiates satiety
Hormone of satiety: Orexin
- Stimulates food craving, arousal and wakefulness
- Increased by ghrelin & hypoglycemia
- Narcolepsy
- Inhibited by leptin
Thiamine deficiency- Eti
- Due to alcoholism
Thiamine deficiency- Sx
- Anorexia, muscle cramps, paresthesia & irritability
- Wet beriberi- high output HF
- Dry beriberi- Pain, paresthesia and loss of reflex
Thiamine deficiency- Dx
- Clinical response to thiamine supplementation
- Urinary thiamine excretion
Thiamine deficiency- Tx
Large parenteral thiamine doses
Riboflavin deficiency- Eti
- occur in combination with other deficiencies due to undernutrition and medication interactions
Riboflavin deficiency- Sx
- Cheilosis
- Angular stomatitis
- Glossitis
- Seborrrheic dermatitis
- Corneal vascularization
- Anemia
Riboflavin deficiency- Dx
- Measurement of erythrocyte reductase and serum levels
Riboflavin deficiency- Tx
- Empirical treatment through nutrition & oral supplements
Niacin- Eti
- alcoholism, nutrient- drug interactions, inborn errors of metabolism
Niacin- Sx
- Traid of pellagra: dermatitis (dark, dry and scaling), diarrhea & dementia
Niacin- Dx
- Urine test
- Clinical
Niacin- Tx
Oral niacin
Vit B 6- Eti
Medication interactions
- Alcoholism
- Immunodeficiency
Vit B 6- Sx
- mouth soreness, glossitis, cheilosis, weakness, and irritability
- Peripheral neuropathy, anemia, seizures
Vit B 6- Dx
Pyridoxal phosphate levels in blood
Vit B 6- Tx
- Oral supplementation
Vit C- Eti
- Dietary inadequacy in urban poor, elderly & chronic alcoholism
- Cigarettes, CKD & CA
Vit C- Sx
- Malaise & weakness
- Scurvy: Petechiae, bleeding gums, perifollicular hy[erkeratotic papules
- Edema, oliguria & neuropathy
Vit C- Dx
Clinically based on skin lesions
- Atraumatic hemearthrosis
- Decreased plasma levels
Vit C- Tx
Ascorbic acid, improvement occurs within days
Vit A- Eti
Most common- elderly & urban poor
- Common cause of blindness
- Fat malabsorption syndromes of mineral oil laxatives
Vit A- Sx
- Night blindness
- Xerosis
- Bitot spots
Vit A- Dx
- Low serum levels
- Abnormalities in dark adaptation
Vit A- Tx
- Oral supplementation
Fat
- Unsaturated better
- 20-35% of diet
- Type of fat important- no trans, saturated
