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Question 1

Declan, a Ph.D candidate, tells his department’s undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating:
A. the ability to generate new solutions to problems.
B. the way behavior changes because of experience.
C. the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
D. the processes whereby information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Answer 1

C. the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

Question 2

Does the drive-reduction approach offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Which of the following explains it?
A. No. The drive-reduction approach explains how primary drives motivate behavior but fails to satisfactorily explain a behavior in which the goal is to increase arousal level.
B. Yes. The drive-reduction approach has been empirically supported.
C. Yes. The drive-reduction approach offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives, but also offers a satisfactory explanation for more psychologically oriented ones.
D. No. The drive-reduction approach fails to account for many motives, including physiological ones.

Answer 2

A. No. The drive-reduction approach explains how primary drives motivate behavior but fails to satisfactorily explain a behavior in which the goal is to increase arousal level.

Question 3

According to the approach which organizes emotions using hierarchy, which of the following is derived from a negative emotion?
A. Contentment
B. Guilt
C. Pride
D. Infatuation

Answer 3

B. Guilt

Question 4

According to William James and Carl Lange, which of the following leads one to label the emotional experience?
A. A set of related feelings and psychological responses
B. Cognitive beliefs
C. Overt behaviors
D. A specific pattern of visceral response

Answer 4

D. A specific pattern of visceral response

Question 5

_____ approaches to personality are approaches that assume that personality is
motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and
over which they have no control.
a. Humanistic
b. Behavioral
c. Evolutionary
d. Psychodynamic

Answer 5

d. Psychodynamic

Question 6

_____ refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and
individuality in a given person.
a. Personality
b. Maturation
c. Development
d. Cognition

Answer 6

a. Personality

Question 7

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges Gordon Allport’s trait categories
from the most specific to the broadest?
a. Secondary → central → cardinal
b. Secondary → cardinal → central
c. Cardinal → secondary → central
d. Cardinal → central → secondary

Answer 7

a. Secondary → central → cardinal

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the “Big Five” personality dimensions?
a. Extraversion
b. Openness to experience
c. Neuroticism
d. Psychoticism

Answer 8

d. Psychoticism

Question 9

According to Hans Eysenck, what are the three major dimensions that describe
personality?
a. Sociability, emotional stability, and reality distortion
b. Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
c. Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness
d. None of the above

Answer 9

b. Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism

Question 10

Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:
a. neutral and unconditioned stimuli.
b. stimuli and involuntary behavior.
c. behavior and consequences.
d. conditioned response and reflex.

Answer 10

c. behavior and consequences.

Question 11

The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was:
a. Freud.
b. Pavlov.
c. Watson.
d. Skinner.

Answer 11

d. Skinner.

Question 12

_____ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Negative punishment
c. Positive punishment
d. Normative reinforcement

Answer 12

c. Positive punishment

Question 12

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model is known as _____.
a. perceptual learning
b. observational learning
c. latent learning
d. tangential learning

Answer 12

b. observational learning

Question 13

You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown, a mental representation of its
layout and the location of key landmarks, like rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This
representation is called a(n):
a. mental GPS.
b. cognitive map.
c. Schema.
d. mental representation.

Answer 13

b. cognitive map.

Question 13

Which of the following primarily studies the patterns of growth and change that occur
throughout life?
a. Oncology
b. Developmental psychology
c. Cytology
d. Parapsychology

Answer 13

b. Developmental psychology

Question 14

Laura and Celia are identical twins. They were adopted at birth by different families and
raised in different environments. However, there are a lot of behavioral similarities
between them. In the context of developmental psychology, which of the following best
explains this phenomenon?
a. Their similarities reflect the influence of nature on development.
b. Their similarities are a result of differences in nurture.
c. Their similarities reflect the opposition that nurture poses to nature.
d. Their similarities prove that they were not affected by their genetic makeup.

Answer 14

a. Their similarities reflect the influence of nature on development.

Question 15

According to Erikson, the first stage of a child’s psychosocial development is the _____
stage.
a. trust‐versus‐mistrust
b. id‐versus‐ego
c. autonomy‐versus‐shame‐and‐doubt
d. intimacy‐versus‐isolation

Answer 15

a. trust‐versus‐mistrust

Question 16

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget’s stages of
cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?
a. Sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
b. Preoperational, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal operational
c. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
d. Nonoperational, preoperational, operational, and postoperational

Answer 16

c. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 17

Which age range below is incorrectly labeled with its Piagetian stage?
a. 0–2 years; sensorimotor stage
b. 2–7 years; preoperational stage
c. 7–12 years; concrete operational stage
d. 12 years–adulthood; postoperational stage

Answer 17

d. 12 years–adulthood; postoperational stage

Question 18

Which of the following statements best expresses the position of most health
psychologists on the mind‐body issue?
a. The mind and the body are separate entities.
b. The mind and the body are one and the same.
c. The mind and the body are clearly linked.
d. Health psychologists are concerned only with the body.

Answer 18

c. The mind and the body are clearly linked.

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE of the consequences of stress?
a. Only negative stressors affect you physiologically.
b. Stress produces both biological and psychological consequences.
c. Stress does not have direct physiological results.
d. Stress increases the immune system response.

Answer 19

b. Stress produces both biological and psychological consequences.

Question 20

Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress are known as:
a. coping.
b. adaptation.
c. resistance.
d. reactance.

Answer 20

a. coping.

Question 21

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the stages of the general adaptation
syndrome, from first to last?
a. Alarm → exhaus􀆟on → resistance
b. Alarm → resistance → exhaus􀆟on
c. Resistance → alarm → exhaus􀆟on
d. Exhaustion → resistance → alarm

Answer 21

b. Alarm → resistance → exhaus􀆟on

Question 22

Faced with overlapping, unrealistic deadlines at work, Ivan recruits his friends to perform
some of the routine clerical tasks associated with the projects. Ivan is engaged in _____
coping.
a. problem‐focused
b. emotion‐focused
c. avoidant
d. proactive

Answer 22

a. problem‐focused

Question 23

Which of the following best describes the purpose of health models in health psychology?
a. Predicting specific health outcomes.
b. Providing a multidimensional perspective on health and healthcare.
c. Dictating individual health‐related decisions.
d. Exclusively focusing on biological factors in health.

Answer 23

b. Providing a multidimensional perspective on health and healthcare.

Question 24

Which of the following is a key role played by health models in modern medicine?
a. Exclusively focusing on diagnosing and treating diseases.
b. Encouraging a narrow view of health limited to the absence of illness.
c. Providing a holistic perspective that includes psychological and social dimensions.
d. Ignoring patient‐centered care and preferences in healthcare interventions.

Answer 24

c. Providing a holistic perspective that includes psychological and social dimensions.

Question 25

Which component of the Health Belief Model (HBM) involves an individual’s assessment of the seriousness of a health problem?
a. Perceived Susceptibility
b. Perceived Severity
c. Perceived Benefits
d. Perceived Barriers

Answer 25

b. Perceived Severity

Question 26

What does the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) propose as a key factor influencing
human behavior, including health‐related decisions?
a. Perceived Susceptibility
b. Attitudes
c. Perceived Severity
d. Perceived Benefits

Answer 26

b. Attitudes

Question 27

What is the central concept in the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) that pertains to an
individual’s belief in their ability to perform specific tasks or behaviors?
a. Observational Learning
b. Self‐Regulation
c. Self‐Efficacy
d. Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 27

c. Self‐Efficacy