bruh Flashcards
Women in labor force
-increased with industrialization
-substantial work force entry during WW2
-majority of women in labor force by 1980s
-Today, 60% of women in labor force
African-American Dual Earners
-AA families developed dual earner structures in the South during Reconstruction
-impoverished families and AA families in North had long had dual-earner families
=>not pioneered by WW2
The Second Shift
Moms in the work force created new opportunities (childcare institutions, activities for children)
Created substantial costs (housework 2nd shift for moms, 3rd shift)
Child labor
Where do kids work nowadays
-primarily service sector jobs
-low wages
Decline in family size
average number of children in 1865: 7
Nowadays: 2
Why??
=>contraception, cost, mortality rates much higher for infants/children in the past (have more children since many will die, before they’re old enough to be bothersome you will have lost half of them)
The Nontraditional Family
approximately 23% of household in US are nuclear, down from 45% in 1960
tradition nuclear family has been somewhat normative, idealized, but alternative (nontraditional family structures are on the rise:
-Single-parent families
-Adoptive/foster families
-Cohabitating families
-Interracial and interethnic families
-Same sex families
-Step-families and blended families
Single-Parent families
on the rise (13% headed by females, 4% by males)
=>it can sometimes be the best situation (in abusive homes)
=> poverty rates are high for these families though
=>may potentially have social/psychological effects (this issue is hotly debated)
the rise of “illegitimate” children
throughout most Western history, children born outside wedlock HAD NO RIGHTS
=>called filius nulius (child of no one)
=>magdalene asylums
childhood and empty nesting
kids get to be kids longer, but eventually have to be more independent than in the past.
