British History 1653-89 Flashcards
0
Q
What did the Declaration of Breda promise?
A
Liberty to tender consciences
Promised the army it’s arrears
Promised he would rule as a traditional monarch through parliament
Indemnity/General pardon promised with few exceptions
No return to personal rule of Charles I
1
Q
What happened on 4 April 1660
A
Charles pronounced Declaration of Breda
2
Q
What 2 parliaments brought about the restoration settlement?
A
The convention parliament
The cavalier parliament
3
Q
When was the convention parliament?
A
April-November 1660
4
Q
What were the features of the Convention Parliament
A
Indemnity Act- 30 excluded from provisions, gained some support from parliamentarians, May 1660- bodies exhumed and hanged
Land settlement- failure, random measures taken, church and crown land reclaimed, most substantial purchasers of ex-royalist land
Army received arrears of pay and was disbanded
Attempted to alter the constitution to restrict powers of monarch failed so Charles had no limitations imposed
Finance-Charles granted £1.2 million per annum, tonnage and poundage for life, proved insufficient, Hearth tax 1662
Religion-no indulgence for nonconformists, Church of England restored, 700/9000 ministers removed, Worcester House Conference said bishops to ordain clergy, not ratified by Convention parliament
Militia- no challenge to Charles’ control
5
Q
When was the Cavalier Parliament?
A
May 1661-1679
6
Q
What was the Cavalier Parliament?
A
Another ‘long’ parliament, elections produced a royalist parliament.
MP’s concerned with local issues but didn’t want Charles to be absolute
Generally conservative- didn’t want to build on parliaments achievements of civil war, also suspicious of attempts to strengthen the monarchy too far
7
Q
Outline the issues of the Cavalier Parliament
A
Local government- commissioners of House of Commons purged men and appointed ‘well affected men’
Act for the safety and preservation of his majesty’s person and government- cancelled all ordinances from 1641, act excluding bishops from lords repealed (cancelled) punishable to stir up hatred of king or accusing him of popery
New Triennial Act 1664- removed the compulsion of Charles to call parliament every 3 years, no way of calling one if Charles didn’t
Press censorship- 1662 licensing act, 1660 proclamation to burn Milton’s defence of the people which justified regicide
Act to prevent mass petitioning
Financial measures of the convention parliament remained in place
8
Q
What 2 basic tensions persisted throughout the period?
A
Crown and parliament
Church and dissent
9
Q
Who was the Earl of Clarendon?
A
Chief minister 1660-67
Had been with Charles in exile, was a constitutional royalist
Often appeared arrogant and self-righteous, alienated Charles
Built up a political network but failed to manage the privy council or parliament as a power base
Made a scapegoat 1667 for failures in Dutch war, lack of Charles’ heir to the throne, sale of Dunkirk, Clarendon code and his daughter Anne’s marriage to James
10
Q
What was Charles’ court like?
A
Frivolous
Some Catholics at court, Catherine of Braganza, Henrietta Maria, earl of Bristol and James.
Charles had catholic mistresses
Baroque style adopted, mimicked French style
Fashion art and plays reinforced his image or authority
11
Q
What were Charles’ foreign affairs in France?
A
Cousins with Louis XIV, regained territories from France, gave Nova Scotia back
12
Q
What were Charles’ foreign affairs in the Netherlands?
A
Tensions between England and Dutch
Navigation act 1660- only English ships carry listed goods
Staple Act 1663- colonies to import goods from England in English ships to harm Dutch trade
Anglican royalists disliked Calvinist Dutch Republic
13
Q
When was the second Dutch war and what happened?
A
1665-67
Some naval victories ie Lowestoft 1665 but some failures ie attack on Dutch fleet in Norway.
1666 France and Denmark entered the war against England
Parliament voted £3.75 million for the war but it had been disastrously mismanaged.
Trading companies complained of losses
Awareness of threat by Louis XIV
Peace negotiations began spring 1667, then Dutch towed English flagship the royal Charles back to Netherlands
14
Q
Why was foreign policy seen as a disaster?
A
Compared to Cromwell
Seen as evidence of divine displeasure combined with effects of Great Plague 1665 and Fire of London 1666
15
Q
What was Charles’ religious policy 1660-67?
A
Intolerant Anglicanism reimposed at Restoration
Large scale dissent a reality, consequence of Civil War and Interregnum
Church of England not a total representative of nation, less power to enforce its will as Court of High Commission had been removed and diocesan courts declined
Local JP’s enforced conformity, some were sympathetic to dissenters
Dissent stronger in urban areas
16
Q
When was the Worcester House conference?
A
1660
17
Q
What happened after the Worcester and Savoy House conferences?
A
Showed division amongst Presbyterians and a rigid Anglican church and prayer book was reimposed.
MP’s had to take Anglican communion
18
Q
Did Charles attempt to introduce toleration?
A
Yes- attempt to gain toleration for Catholics, although Bill failed in House of Lords without being debated by the Commons
Quakers continued to be prosecuted
19
Q
What did the religious settlement come to be known as?
A
The Clarendon Code
20
Q
What were the measures of the Clarendon Code?
A
Corporation Act 1661 ensured members of borough corporations took Anglican communion and rejected Solemn League and Covenant
Act of Uniformity 1662 made Book of Common Prayer compulsory and made Episcopal ordination of priests compulsory- 2000 ministers ejected
Conventicle Act 1664 forbade religious meetings of 5 or more people
Five Mile Act 1665 prevented any preacher from going within 5 miles of their former parish
21
Q
What were examples of failure of opposition to Charles 1660-67
A
Lambert’s Rising 1660- lack of coordinated support from Republicans and Lambert imprisoned in tower
New Model Army isolated and paid off eventually
Venners Rising 1661- Fifth Monarchist attempt to overthrow Charles II,small group of 50 but took 3 days to suppress, mass arrests and Venner hanged
Yorkshire Plot/Northern Rising 1663, limited numbers
22
Q
What repressive measures did the regime take?
A
Purging borough corporations weakened Dissenters and removed their power base
Intolerant Church Settlement
Small standing army of 8,000
Militia Act 1662- £70,000 to support troops
Militia Act 1663- allowed militia to be kept in constant readiness
Republicans often saw the success of Charles as God’s judgement- fatalistic approach
23
Q
Who made up the Cabal?
A
Clifford, Arlington, Duke of Buckingham, Cooper, Lauderdale
24
What were the financial issues 1667-78?
Royal income fell between 1665-7 from £820,000 to £647,000
Corruption and mismanagement problems
February 1667 Parliament appointed commissioners to examine public accounts and gave a grant of £1.8 million
Parliament used finance to try and restrict greater religious freedom Charles hoped for
25
What happened in 1670 that was a key issue of Charles' reign?
Secret Treaty of Dover, 3 versions.
Public version states proposed attack on Dutch by France and Britain, secret version added in French subsidies and Charles' catholicity clause
26
What does finance link to?
Foreign policy- Charles' Stop of the Exchequer 1672 in readiness for the Dutch War, £1.2 million granted by parliament
27
What were the religious issues 1660-67
Church controlled by parliament rather than king
| Attempts at toleration failed, church excluded non-conformists who continued to be persecuted, 450 Quakers died
28
Explain the increasing division 1672 onwards
Court and country divide caused by fear or popery/arbitrary government
Declaration of indulgence 1672 suspended penal laws against Catholics and dissenters
Outing of James as Catholic by test act 1673 added to fears
1673 marriage between James and Mary of Modena
29
What ended the Dutch War?
1674 Treaty of Westminster, result of parliaments refusal to vote Charles any more funds, also marked the fall of the Cabal and end of attempts of religious toleration
Highlighted strength of Louis absolute monarchy
30
What was the role of the Earl of Danby?
1674-8, tried to use crown patronage to build up a royalist group in parliament.
Reinforced fears, exploited Shaftesbury and Buckingham that there was to be an attempt to impose Catholic absolutism on the country
31
What did Danby's Test Bill do?
1675, required all office holders and MP's to swear not to seek to alter the government of church and state, feared as an attempt to impose absolutism, parliament tried and failed to impeach Danby
32
What was the Compton Census1676?
Suggested about 100,000 non-conformists out of 2.25 million in England and Wales- probable underestimate
Women played key role in ensuring survival of Dissent,especially in Quaker movement
33
What financial improvements did Danby make?
He was Lord Treasurer, royal income at £1.4 million per annum between 1674-77, debt increased as Charles kept spending
34
What further secret agreements did Charles make with Louis?
Arranging subsidies contingent on Charles keeping parliament prorogued
35
What did parliament vote in 1678?
£1 million and an army of 30,000 to force peace terms on Louis, an apparent reversal of Charles' policies by Danby
36
What was the Second Test Act?
1678- to exclude Catholics from Houses of Parliament, passed with exception for James
37
What did Charles do after the Peace of Nijmegen?
Kept his standing army of 30,000- heightened fears of royal absolutism
38
What was the difference between Whigs and Tories?
Tories- belief in divine right monarchy with no right of resistance and a strong Protestant Church of England
Whigs- belief in right of resistance, parliament being representative of richer people, favour to dissenters, threat of catholic absolutism
39
What was the key issue 1678-89?
Succession to the throne
40
Who were the immortal seven?
Group who sent a letter to William inviting him to invade
41
When did William invade?
5th November 1688
42
What was the exclusion crisis?
Attempt by Shaftesbury and Whigs to exclude James from succession owing to his Catholicism- viewed in the context of apparent increasing absolutism
43
Why were people afraid of Catholism?
Bloody Mary persecution of Protestants
Spanish Armada
Gunpowder plot
Effects of Irish rebellion
44
What and when was the Popish plot?
1678, by Israel Tonge and Titus Oates
Supposed Jesuit conspiracy to assassinate Charles II, supported by French invasion and Irish rebellion
Although lies, parliament voted that they were true
35 men executed
Heightened concerns of catholic-absolutism conspiracy
45
What happened to Danby?
Many felt he was an architect of absolutism
Montagu wanted revenge on him so revealed letters to Louis
Danby dismissed 1679, imprisoned in Tower for 5 years
46
When was the first exclusion parliament?
March-May 1679
47
Outline the First Exclusion Parliament
First parliament since 1660, court outnumbered 2:1
MP's focused on attempt to secure rights in the event of a Catholic Succession
£200,000 granted to disband army
Habeas Corpus Amendment Act- charges to be brought before imprisonment
48
What political skills did Charles show before parliament met?
James sent to Brussels
Promised limitations on catholic monarch- no church patronage/parliament to appoint civil,legal,military offices
included leading critics in Privy council attempting appeasement
49
Did Charles appeasement attempts work?
Some were appeased but others ie Shaftesbury pushed for James' exclusion- exclusion bill passed to Charles prorogued parliament
50
What happened to Monmouth?
Defeated limited rebellion in Scotland
Success on Charles' behalf made him seem heir apparent as Charles was ill 1679
Monmouth exiled to Netherlands
51
When was the second exclusion parliament?
October 1679, lasted 2 weeks
52
Explain how politics went into the street
```
Petitions
Exclusionist pamphlets ie 1662 Licensing Act
Processions/Pope-burnings
Oates and Dugdales plots
Attempt to prosecute James as recusanct
```
53
What was the Tory reaction?
Filmers Patriarcha arguing absolute monarchy was ordained by law of nature
Abhorrers-abhorred idea of exclusion
54
When was the second sitting of the second exclusion parliament?
1680
55
What happened at the second sitting?
Exclusion bill passed by House of Commons but rejected by lords
Commons offered £600,000 for Exclusion and refused anymore unless exclusion happened
Charles dissolved parliament 1681
56
What had Charles negotiated by 1681?
Further subsidies from Louis XIV- £40,000 then £115,000 pay for 3 years
57
When was the third exclusion parliament? (Oxford Parliament)
March 1681
58
What happened at the Third Exclusion Parliament?
Charles offered that William and Mary would be regents for James but House of Commons planned a new Exclusion Bill calling for Monmouth to be king
Dissolved by Charles 1681
59
When was the Rye House Plot?
1683
60
Why did Exclusion fail?
Limits of Whig argument
Tory propaganda played on fears of civil war
Scotland was largely peaceful, rebellion crushed
Charles' financial position meant he could dispense with parliament- improved trade and subsidies from Louis
House of Lords kept rejecting Exclusion
Church did not support Exclusion
Genuine public support for Tories
Charles' parliamentary management- used prerogative owners of prerogative and dissolution
Exclusion seen as radical by many
Persecutions by Charles
61
How did Charles leave the crown in a strong position?
not calling parliament 1684 (technically violating triennial act)
remove judges that would vote against crown-kept mainly Tories
Whigs purged from local government
defeat and weakness of the Whigs - executions
dissenters continued to be persecuted
good control over church
standing army of 10,000
healthy financial position
62
Briefly explain who James II was
Became king 1685
Openly catholic with inflexible personality
Regarded opposition as treason and thought any concessions were a mistake
Aim to advance Catholicism, unaware of anti-Catholicism?
Felt people would become catholic once they had seen the true faith
Wanted to give Catholics key positions and repeal penal laws
63
Historians views over whether James wanted to establish an absolutist state
Speck- he did
| Smith- he didn't
64
Who were James' ministers?
Halifax, Hyde, Sunderland, Godolphin
65
What initial opposition did James face?
Argyll's rebellion in Scotland 1685
Monmouths rebellion 1685
Both failed due to military weakness, uncoordination, limited support
66
What happened at the 1685 parliament?
Sat for 2 weeks, mainly Tory, 57/532 Whigs
Parliament voted James income of £2 million a year, increased army to 20,000 troops by 1685
James appointed 90 catholic officers, parliament protested seeing this as creating a personal force
Prorogued
67
What was James' test case?
1686 Godden vs Hale- James chose judges, 11:1 judgement in his favour
68
What legislation did James pass that lost him support of Tory-Anglicans?
Declaration to Preachers 1686- forbidding attacks on Catholic Church by ministers
Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes 1686- reincarnated court of High Commission
69
What did the commission for ecclesiastical causes do?
Removed bishop of London, Henry Compton
| Replaced Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford, with Catholics
70
What did James do in Ireland?
Appointed catholic as lord deputy, earl of Tyrconnel
67% of troops 40% officers catholic by 1686
Judiciary and corporations remodelled to favour Catholics
Irish Protestants felt threatened
71
What did James do in Scotland?
Appoint Catholics
1687 proclaimed freedom of private worship for Catholics and Quakers but not Presbyterians
Created division and instability in Scotland
72
What did James' declaration of indulgence 1687 do?
Suspend the test act, corporation act and penal laws against catholics and dissenters
73
Why did James invoke the declaration of indulgence 1687?
Personal dislike of Dissenters
Attempt to show toleration in England in context of Louis' revocation of the Edict of Nantes, to attract skilled huguenots?
Attempt to move away from favour to landed gentry and towards towns?
Attempt to build up body of supporters
74
Give an example of mistrust of James
Halifax' letter to a dissenter 'hugged now only to be squeezed later'
William and Mary opposed to repeal of test act but known to support toleration, even for Catholics
Therefore dissenters knew they did not have to support James over repeal
75
What did James order in April 1688?
That his declaration of indulgence was to be read from all Anglican pulpits.
Petition from 7 bishops that declaration was based on power seen as illegal by parliament
76
What happened on 10 June 1688?
Mary of Modena gave birth to a son- fear of catholic line of succession
Questions over legitimacy and rumours he was a changeling
77
Why would it be beneficial for William to invade?
Beneficial to his Dutch strategy- depriving louis of possible ally in England and possibly using English resources against Louis
78
What policies did James reverse as an 'Anglican Revolution'?
Dissolved commission for ecclesiastical causes
Promised to run the Church of England according to act of uniformity 1661
Reinstated the Fellows of Magdalen College Oxford
Allowed London and other boroughs to regain charters
Removed Sunderland
79
What was the Protestant wind?
William set sail in November 1688, he landed in Devon
He called for a free parliament
Areas in Northern England taken for William by sympathetic peers
80
How did James react to Williams invasion?
```
Indecisive- marched west then retreated to london
Sent wife and son to France
Deserted his army- they lost to William
2 attempts to escape to France
James 'withdrawn himself'
```
81
What did William do in December 1688?
Took advice from assembly of MP's from Charles' parliament and common council of London (mainly Whigs)
By end of December writs were issued for elections
82
When did the convention parliament meet and what made it up?
January 1689
| 319 Whigs 232 Tories
83
What were the issues over which the convention met?
succession, James forfeit throne and Mary and William as regents?
Compromise settlement said that James had withdrawn himself and throne was vacant
William wanted to be made king- Mary have title of monarch but no power, any children they had would be in line after Anne- accepted 1689
Declaration of Rights produced- Catholics never to inherit crown
1689 Mutiny Act prevented standing army without parliamentary consent
Revenue of £1.2 million settled on crown- half each for government and war- failure to grant adequate revenue? Restraint on crown
1689 coronation of William and Mary- different oath indicating increased power of parliament
Toleration Act exempted dissenters from penal laws if they took an oath if allegiance and declared transubstantiation
December 1689 Bill of Rights passed
84
What did the Scottish convention of estates do?
```
March 1689
No Scottish Jacobites in attendance
Voted that James had forfeited the throne
Claim of right stated throne was vacant
William and Mary accept Scottish throne
Jacobite rebellion defeated 1690
William needed Presbyterian support so act asserting supremacy over Kirk 1669 repealed
Presbyterian Kirk government established
```
85
What threat did William face in Ireland?
March 1689 Irish troops under Tyrconnel controlled all of Ireland but ulster
James landed with 3000 French troops
William took army and defeated James at Battle of Boyne 1690
James fled to France
Protestant control on Ireland
86
When did James die?
1701 in exile
87
What were the 3 different revolutions?
England- conservative with implications for crown/parliament
Scotland- radical revolution overturned restoration settlement in church and state and left Jacobite group rebelling twice. Act of Union between Scotland and England passed 1707
Ireland- Tyrconnel's attempted catholic revolution and Williams counter revolution. Protestant dominance reinforced with Declaratory Act 1720
88
Give examples of Charles' foreign policy
1660 peace treaty between Spain/England
1661-2 Charles marry Catherine from Portugal- exchange for dowry and bases for Mediterranean trade, England decent Portugal's interests
Dunkirk sold to France £400,000- short term gain, viewed with suspicion
1665-7 second Dutch war- commercial jealousy, England humiliated
1670 Secret Treaty of Dover then public Treaty of Dover
1672-4 third Dutch war
1677 marriage of William and Mary
1678 peace of Nymegen with France and holland
Exclusion crisis
89
Explain the 1670 Secret treaty of Dover
Become friends with France
Charles to declare himself Catholic
Louis give Charles subsidies EG £200,000 for conversion
Louis pay for 6000 troops if Charles needed them
Charles help Louis if rights to Spanish monarchy fell to him
Agree to make war on Dutch and annul treaties with them
England and France make commercial treaty
90
What were the political motives behind the secret treaty of Dover?
Dutch were historic enemy
Franco-English alliance prevented Franco- Dutch one
strong F/E alliance showed Dutch defeat
91
What were commercial motives behind the secret treaty of Dover?
Dutch were England's great commercial rivals, if defeated then English expansion could continue
92
What were the financial motives behind secret treaty of Dover?
Offered £350,000 1670, actually received £140,000
| According to Haley, Dutch war made bad financial situation worse
93
Personal motives behind treaty of Dover
admiration for louis, impress him
influence of sister Henrietta Maria
desire to be rid of parliament and follow louis example
94
Religious motives behind secret treaty of Dover
improve his position with stronger power, delayed declaration of faith to increase French subsidies
Mitchell 'blackmail was not beneath him'
Charles didn't agree with forcible reconversion of England to Catholicism
95
Why was opposition to Charles II weak?
army's arrears paid off so less included to oppose restoration
many people saw return to monarchy as return to order and stability in comparison to previous 20 years
fear of punishment- treatment of regicides
his standing army put people off as little chance of success
belief in providence, didn't want to act against gods will
96
What was Charles crowned king?
May 1660
97
What happened to Scotland after the restoration settlement?
turned back to 1633
Act rescissory revoked all legislation since that year
long time to recover economically, suffered drawbacks of association with wealthier neighbour without benefits
98
What to happened to Ireland after the restoration settlement?
Cromwellian land settlement preserved largely intact
by end of 1660's Catholics enjoyed de facto religious toleration providing they showed political loyalty
mainly excluded from England's colonial markets
developed links with continent to less dependant in mainland
not settled by restoration
99
Foster quote about Restoration
'The vital thing about the restoration 'settlement' was its unsettled nature'
100
Why did Clarendon fall?
vulnerable and unpopular at court
failure to dominate government, make decisions
failure to manage parliament
Charles dissatisfied with him
101
Why did Clarendon fail to dominate government?
lacked strong will- believed only king should command
failure to coordinate large privy council
little innovation
unsound finances- settlement insufficient crown needs, corruption led to inspection of accounts
foreign policy- blamed for sale of Dunkirk, responsible for Dutch war failure
102
Why did Clarendon fail to manage parliament?
failure to manage parliament- opposed idea of Charles canvassing MP's as demeaning of authority, failed to stem cavalier parliaments intolerant Anglicanism, lost control of 1666-7 parl
103
Why was Charles dissatisfied with Clarendon?
felt he was a political liability
Buckingham promised favourable parliamentary session, grants of supply if Clarendon removed
made scapegoat of governments failures
dismissed 1667
104
What were some strengths of the restoration religious settlement?
would have been like easy going ecumenicism of Jacobean church, coincide with Charles' regime
return to order, hierarchy and tradition
cavalier parliament repudiated principle of toleration along with comprehension
105
What were some weaknesses of the restoration religious settlement?
divisions within convention over religion meant attempts to translate Worcester house declaration into legislation were narrowly defeated
failure of liberty to tender conscience
once convention dissolved, hope of comprehensive church evaporated
fifth monarchist rising
obnoxious prayer book
dissenters went underground-can't control them
tension led to instability
106
What happened when Charles tried to issue a declaration of indulgence 1662?
would have allowed him to exempt certain individuals from penal laws
Clarendon opposed, 'ship money in religion'
Charles decided not to press it
resumed fight for toleration, found some allies in House of Lords
107
What made up the Clarendon code?
corporation act 1661- excluded those who wouldn't swear allegiance and take Anglican sacraments
Act of Uniformity 1662- all ministers to declare assent to everything in new prayer book and make its use compulsory for all Church of England services
Conventicle act 1664- all meetings of 5 or more held under exercise of religion declared illegal
Five Mile Act 1665- prohibited ministers ejected under uniformity act and unlicensed preachers to come within 5 miles of former parish
108
Why was the Clarendon code ironic?
Clarendon tried hard to moderate provisions of act of uniformity
Wanted to extend liberty to men who differed in judgement- liberty to tender conscience
109
What happened in the plague and fire of London?
plague caused 70-100,000 deaths
villages had to quarantine themselves
great fire of London made 250,000 homeless
gods judgement on Charles' rule?
110
What was Lambert's rising?
1660 lambert escaped from tower
gathered a force which disintegrated when faced by government forces
returned to tower, supporters rounded up
rising failed because of practical difficulties
widespread discontent in army but lambert captured before he could take advantage
111
What was the northern/Yorkshire plot?
1663
men gathered at farnley wood
planned to coordinate with Irish and Scottish rebels
limited numbers, mainly Presbyterians, lack of immediate success
112
What was venners rising?
1661
fifth monarchist Thomas Venner rising against Cromwell, defeated,imprisoned,killed
no more than 50 supporters, took 3 days to suppress with 700 horses- showed fear
mass arrests and persecution of nonconformists
113
What did the Quakers believe?
Lords message came from inner light/ god within
Earthly authority was corrupt- religious/political
Refused traditions such as paying tithes/removing hats as sign of respect
114
What was the Nayler case?
1656
Rose into Bristol on a donkey imitating Christ into Jerusalem
Arrested for blasphemy
Parliament ordered him to go to Westminster
Sentenced to brutal punishments
Cromwell believed parliament had exceeded its authority
115
What did seekers believe?
God manifests himself as spiritual force in individual
Seek divine spirit within themselves
Dangerous because of flouting social conventions
So many as people did not restrict themselves to one sect
116
What did muggletonians believe?
Lodovick Muggleton believed Christ visited him to save of damn all other men
Felt free to reject any laws imposed on them
Too small to be a serious social challenge to order
117
What did fifth monarchists believe?
5 monarchies would rule earth in sequence
Execution of Charles led to fifth, reign of king Jesus
Remained constant political irritant throughout protectorate, felt Cromwell was thwarting gods purpose on earth
Assassination attempts
118
What did Congregationalists/independants believe?
Gathering together to worship in spirit of The Lord
119
What did baptists believe?
Faith was a matter of personal experience
Infant baptism pointless
Hated as thought to be associated with anabaptists who defied law and social convention
Protected by Cromwell
120
What is millenarianism?
Belief in the immanence of the millennium, 1000 year period where Jesus would return to reclaim earth and govern with saints
All those who believed a revolutionary change would happen in England
121
Can limited opposition show general acceptance?
No, many people stayed neutral as feared trouble
| More concerned with their estates
122
Was Cromwells regime secure?
Secure, only army could overthrow him
Passive acceptance of majority of gentry
Only 8 executed for attempting to overthrow
Achievement of government without monarchy was remarkable
123
What did Cromwell do for Catholics?
some form of toleration during protectorate
Catholics encouraged by Cromwells support of liberty to tender conscience
showed favour to individual Catholics
124
What did Cromwell do for Jews?
insisted on a proposal for them to be allowed to live and worship freely in England- conference to discuss proposal
council refused
ensured they were allowed back into England
wanted to extend toleration because of his belief in millenarianism, to establish this Jews needed to be converted as prophesied in bible
125
Wallington quote about Cromwell
A better Christian, greater warrior and more constant man has scarcely ever appeared on the planet
126
What was the route from republic to restoration?
```
Rump
Committee of safety
Rump reinstated
Long parliament
Convention parliament
Restoration of monarchy
```
127
What factors pushed people to demand restoration?
```
mounting breakdown in law and order
fear of another civil war
poor harvests
collapse of protectorate
divisions in army and commonwealth
```
128
What factors pulled people towards supporting a restoration?
declaration of Breda
familiar, stable
showed Charles wanted to rule with parliament, not establish royal despotism
129
Main features of the cavalier parliament
```
abolition of ship money
abolition of star chamber
abolition of high commission
exclusion of bishops from lords
triennial act passed
```
130
How did the cavalier parliament strengthen the position of Charles II?
Press censorship by 1662 licensing act
Act to prevent mass petitioning
Punishable to accuse king of trying to bring in popery or stir hatred if him
Parliament couldn't legislate without monarch
131
What was the humble petition and advice?
1657
alternative to instrument of government
said Cromwell should become king-rule with parliament so limited power
army petitioned to him to stay faithful to 'good old cause'
delay between offer and refusal
remained king in all but name
132
What was the case of john biddle?
He was a Socinian, denied trinity and divinity of church
Accused of blasphemy
Case showed tension between army and parliament
133
What was sindercombes plot?
Plan to assassinate Cromwell
Miles sindercombe chosen as assassin
Associate told of plan to thurloe
Arrested
134
What were some key points of opposition to the first protectorate?
recognition of legitimacy of it
ordinances- could legislate by ordinance between sittings
division- military/civilian cromwellians
Cromwell himself- wooden 'ideological schizophrenia'
ceremony of Cromwell
electoral qualifications
135
What were Cromwells 2 main aims as lord protector?
heal and settle the nation
| just and righteous reformation
136
Why did Cromwell refuse the crown?
feared army's reaction to him being king- alliance between divisions could lead to civil war again
feared giving too much influence to civilian cromwellians
feared wrath of god-against what he was trying to eradicate
137
What was the three colonels petition?
1654
denounced protectorate, believed Cromwell held too much power
called for a return to the good old cause
wanted institution of agreement of the people
138
Successes of Cromwells foreign policy
```
1651 navigation act damaged Dutch trade
enhanced britains military reputation
improved trade- treaty with Sweden 1654
1655 defensive alliance with France
1656 captured Spanish plate fleet
western design led to development of colonial policy- foundations for British empire
established large naval fleet
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139
Weaknesses of Cromwells foreign policy
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unpopular war against Dutch
alienated merchants
western design had a heavy domestic price- tension between him and parliament as he asked for finance
no silver on board Spanish plate fleet
lost troops as result of western design
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140
What was a fundamental problem for James?
Parliament was Tory dominated, loyalty overrode their loyalty to James.
141
What actions did James take in 1865-7?
announced his intention to repeal penal laws and corporation acts
breach of test act by commissioning 90 catholic officers in army
demanded money to increase size of standing army against possible rebellions-voted £90,000 but said this was inadequate
set up body of ecclesiastical commissioners to discipline clergy
142
What was james' policy of closeting?
Attempting to persuade Tory politicians and Anglican clergy to join him in swaying parliament to repeal test act and penal laws.
Also appointed Catholics.
Unsuccessful policy- only secured conversion of Earl of Sunderland and not enough Catholics to fill government offices
143
What did James do January 1687?
Dismissed Rochester and Clarendon from court leaning Catholics dominant.
Made Tyrconnel lord deputy in Ireland
144
What happened with the first declaration of indulgence?
1687
Suspended penal laws, test and corporation acts in favour of Catholics
Expected dissenter support in exchange but they mistrusted him and feared they were part of long term plan to impose Catholicism
Halifax 'hugged now only to be squeezed later'
145
What happened with the second declaration of indulgence?
1688
Instructed bishops to order all clergy to read it to their congregations on 2 successive Sundays.
7 bishops refused so sent to tower
146
What does it mean to say James wanted a rubber stamp parliament
James wanted a compliant parliament that would approve his policies
147
What were the steps toward glorious revolution after 1688?
letter sent to William of orange from 7, pledged support
William wanted alliance with English against Louis, France was distracted by palatinate
James made hurried concessions for support EG abolish ecclesiastical commission
William landed 1688 'Protestant wind'
148
What did James do in the glorious revolution?
Inaction, retreated back to London
Sent son and queen to France, took him 2 attempt to join them
Lost his nerve, fatal capacity to make decisions
Some claimed he abdicated the throne
149
What was westerns view of James leaving?
He capitulated to William and by doing so he legitimised the rebellion
150
What were some non parliamentary pressures for exclusion?
Processions- focused on anticatholicism EG pope burning
Prosecutions-attempts to prosecute James as recusant
Plots- Oates popish plot
Pamphlets- exclusion pamphlets
Petitions- campaign for meeting of parliament without prorogations
151
Why was the popish plot significant?
Heightened concerns that already existed over growing power of the crown and James as a catholic heir to the throne
152
What did montagu do to Danby?
Seek revenge for his removal by presenting evidence of Danby's knowledge of Charles' continuing relations with Louis xiv. Danby on,y acted under instruction from Charles.
153
What factors brought the exclusion crisis?
Fear of absolutism and Catholicism
Marriage of James and Mary
Their son James
154
What was the popish plot?
Plan by Israel Tonge where he made documents claiming Jesuits planned to assassinate Charles and replace him with James.
James demanded investigation, Tonge revealed Oates as his source.
Reinforced by murder of Godfrey who took Oates' sworn statement, confirmed for many that there was a catholic conspiracy.
35 men executed during investigation
155
What did the convention discuss about William as king
Whigs argued James forfeited the crown
Tories clung to the idea that James was incapacitated and argued William and Mary should
Be regents
156
What concessions did William offer at a secret meeting?
That he would share the title not power with Mary
| Anne would be next in line to throne ahead of any offspring him and Mary may have
157
What did the Tory declaration of rights say?
James had abdicated the government and leave the throne vacant.
Crowns power declared illegal
Diluted version was the Bill of Rights which created the settlement people wanted
158
What were the mutiny act and toleration act?
Mutiny- declared that raising or keeping a standing army in a time of peace was illegal
Toleration- exempt dissenters from penal laws if they took oath of allegiance
159
How did parliament use finance to control crown?
Granted £1.2 million to split between government and war
Crown went into debt
Commons could force wishes by withholding supply
160
How did James antagonise universities?
Wanted them to treat Catholics as equals and appoint them. Fellows refused so James removed their fellowship.
161
What did the rump achieve?
1650 oath of engagement
1651 act of oblivion
Minor legal reforms
162
Scarboro quote about protectorate
The establishment of the protectorate is sometimes seen as the beginning of the long road back towards monarchy
163
Smith quote about James
Few monarchs have inherited such an apparently strong position as James
164
What did James announce after Charles' death?
Preserve government in church and state by law
Fond of arbitrary power
Never invade any mans property
165
What was James' first English parliament like?
Mainly Tory
| 57/525 Whigs
166
What was Monmouths rebellion?
Some believed he was rightful king
4000 poorly trained men
Crushed by James' 8000 strong standing army
167
What was James like?
High moral tone for court
Inability to see opposition as other than subversive
Catholic, wanted all kingdoms to be
Authoritarian
Blamed his fathers demise on concessions he had made so made people choose between church and crown
168
What was the roots of James' downfall?
He had support during Tory reaction and Monmouths rebellion so he thought the political nation would place loyalty to crown above religion. He was wrong.
169
What was the test case of Godden vs hale similar to?
Hamptons case, ship money trial by Charles I
170
Why were the Tory Anglicans passive resistors?
They abhorred the idea of active tyranny and feared anarchy more than tyranny.
Memories of 1640 reinforced their belief that resistance to the sovereign could never be legitimate
Passivity encourages James' belief that he could bully doubtful a into submission
171
Who were the immortal seven
Bishops who wrote to William inviting him to invade
172
Smith quote about glorious revolution
Settlement had weaknesses of own strength in that while it resolved the crisis created by James it sowed the seeds of subsequent political divisions
173
What concessions did William make?
Repealed 1669 act asserting royal supremacy over church was repealed
Agreed to abolition of lords of articles
Established Presbyterian government in church in return for supply for 28 months
Abolished lay patronage
New church far from nationally representative
