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British History 1642-9 Flashcards

0
Q

What were the 6 main issues 1646-9?

A 
Failure to reach settlement
Charles unwilling to accept proposals
Division in parliament
Politicisation of NMA
Political/religious radicalism: Presbyterians/independants, conservative/radicals
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1
Q

What were parliaments strengths?

A

Good finance- weekly assessments and company loans
1643 solemn league and covenant gave control of London, committees in each county, control of rich areas and control of navy
1645 New Model Army under Fairfax

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2
Q

What was Prides Purge?

A

Ireton Organised army led by Thomas Pride and purged parliament of those regarded as most forward in negotiating with Charles.
MP’s removed by army
Cromwell arrived in London day after-suspicious
Cromwell concerned about momentum being built up in army for dissolution of parliament
Timing dictated by MP’s not ireton

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3
Q

What was left after Prides Purge?

A

Rump parliament

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4
Q

What did Charles agree to in May 1647?

A

3 years Presbyterian rule
10 years of parliament control of militia
parliament accepted and voted to disband new model army

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5
Q

What was NMA response to being disbanded?

A

Met at Newmarket and politicised
Impact on settlement
Charles seized from house arrest
Army ‘humble remonstrance’ not dissolve until grievances met

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6
Q

What was Charles’ response to Newcastle Propositions?

A

Delayed response

Presbyterians hoped to disband NMA in ‘declaration of dislike’

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7
Q

Outline Heads of a Proposals

A 
Drafted by Ireton and Lambert
Parl control army/navy for 10 years
National church with bishops
Act of Oblivion- exempted few royalists from punishment
Parliament every 2 years
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8
Q

What and when were the Putney Debates?

A

October-November 1647
Between Levellers and the army
Debated how England should be governed
Focused on Leveller ideas for extension of franchise
In short term Levellers succeeded in emphasising to Ireton that he needed to keep them from taking direct action

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9
Q

How did Putney debates end?

A

5th November clash of Levellers and Ireton over army grandees attempts to settle with king
Cromwell and Ireton reinforced control over army and prevented Levellers provoking further discontent in ranks
All undermined by Charles’ escape on 11th November

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10
Q

When was NMA’s petition to parliament?

A

March 1647

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11
Q

What was parliaments response to the Engagement?

A

January 1648 Vote of No Addresses, no further negotiations with Charles

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12
Q

What was the Windsor prayer meeting?

A

April 1648
NMA gathered to pray before facing their enemies
Charles declared ‘that man of blood’
Army articulated regicide in public for first time

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13
Q

What and when was the Engagement?

A

November 1647
Charles rejected Four Bills sent to him by parliament and instead signed the Engagement with the Scots
3 years of Presbyterianism in England in return for Scottish invasion to restore him to power

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14
Q

Outline Newcastle Propositions

A 
July 1646
Wanted Presbyterianism for 3 years
Parliament control of militia for 20 years
Triennial Act remains
Most royalists pardoned
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15
Q

What and when was the Remonstrance of army?

A

November 1648
Second Civil War forced officers to accept that justice would be enacted on Charles
Remonstrance demanded that parliament put Charles on trial
Contained consequences for monarch who sought to overthrow this judgement

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16
Q

Outline the Second Civil War

A

Parliament faced Scottish invasion and royalist risings across country
August 1648 Scots beaten by Cromwells army which was 1/3 of the size at the battle of Preston
Turning point, many saw settlement as impossible
Leaders of risings executed by army
Political Independant MP’s moved for reconciliation with king
Secured by increasing radicalism of army- Parliament repeal Vote of No Addresses
Presbyterians put proposals to Charles in the Newport Treaty

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17
Q

Reasons for Royalist defeat

A

Military failures- Newbury/Marston Moor/Naseby
Royal admin suffered- weak leadership
Charles indecisive
Division
Agreement with Catholics- 1643 Truce with Irish
Non-existent foreign aid

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18
Q

Why did the new model army mutiny 1647?

A

It was disappointed with lack of settlement that would return England to pre-civil war
Angry that MP’s wanted to disband army without arrears of pay.

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19
Q

How did the army emerge as a political force?

A

They elected Agitators to speak on their behalf.
Leading officers decided to join campaign to influence settlement
Army Representation set out its rights, army became a third political force

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20
Q

Why was there a second civil war?

A

growing divisions in parliament between Presbyterians and independents-Charles exploited
mistrust Charles after Newcastle propositions and when he fled to Scotland

21
Q

What groups contributed to the failure to reach settlement after 1646?

A 
Charles
scots 
levellers 
parliament-independents/Presbyterians
army-officers/rank and file
22
Q

Why was Charles to blame for failure to reach settlement?

A

Decided to never sign terms that didn’t pardon all royalists
Experience told him to hold out so enemies would divide, didn’t accept any terms
If he accepted parliaments terms he would be giving up all his power
Army lost patience with him
Engagement with scots

23
Q

Why were the scots to blame of failure of settlement?

A

Felt the country descended into religious anarchy
Scots claimed church was based on divine law
Expected war to end with Presbyterian settlement that would enhance scots importance
1648 invaded England
Insisted in Presbyterian settlement in England

24
Q

Why were the levellers to blame for failure to reach settlement?

A

Case of the army truly stated- parliament failed to address their complaints
Debated ended in deadlock
Main aim to replace monarchy and House of Lords with House of Commons
Believed in equality
Appealed to rank and file

25
Q

Why were the rank and file to blame for the failure to reach settlement?

A

Revolt in 1647
Seized king and placed him in protective custody of army
Selected agitators to speak to officers
1648 blocked entrance to House of Commons

26
Q

Why were the army officers to blame for failure to reach settlement?

A

Had to negotiate between army and parliament
Torn between loyalties, worried if they enforced orders to disband army then they could not control rank and file
Came with parliament to defeat royalist threat
Approved heads of proposals

27
Q

Why were the Presbyterians to blame for failure to reach settlement?

A

Elections 1645 increased tension between them and independents as made Presbyterians stronger in parliament
1643 solemn league and covenant committed parliament to Presbyterian religious settlement

28
Q

Why were the independents to blame for failure to reach settlement?

A

Main power in new model army

Haselrig felt the army had a better claim to represent them than the long parliament

29
Q

What and when was the vote of no addresses?

A

1648- passed by parliament to say no more negotiations with the king

30
Q

What were the heads of proposals?

A

Biennial parliament
Parliament control of army and navy
Religious settlement

31
Q

What happened during the second civil war?

A 
Christmas risings 1647-8
1648 invasion led my Cromwell
Army 'gods instrument'
Leaders executed
Parliament repealed vote of no addresses 
King held captive at Isle of Wight 
Negotiations were the Newport treaty
32
Q

What and when was the engagement with the scots?

A

1647

Agreed to Presbyterianism for 3 years in England in return for Scottish invasion to restore him to power

33
Q

What was the remonstrance of the army?

A

1648
Demanded Charles be put on trial
If parliament refused, army would purge parliament and put Charles on trial

34
Q

What happened at the trial and execution of Charles?

A

Many judges refused to sit at trial
Charles refused to accept legitimacy
59 signed death warrant
Executed 1649

35
Q

What was Cromwells ‘greatest success?’

A

Defeat of Covenanters at battle of Dunbar
His army was outnumbered 2:1 and began in a disastrous position
Power to inspire led to an overwhelming victory
4000 scots killed 10,000 captured

36
Q

What were the 2 key problems faced by interregnum regimes?

A

conservative demands for a return to political normalise set against radical minority EG army and religious sects
relationship between parliament the new model army was fragile- park could only function under protection of the army

37
Q

What was mannings view of 1649?

A 
Marxist historian
Believed it was revolutionary because people outside governing class intervened in politics and religion
38
Q

What was the main weakness of the rump?

A

Conservatism of MP’s ie 22 refused to swear oath

39
Q

What examples of peace terms were offered to Charles?

A

Nineteen propositions
Newcastle propositions
Heads of proposals
Oxford proposals

40
Q

Why was there a second civil war?

A

Parliament failed to solve many problems from first civil war
No church settlement
Blamed parliament as associated monarchy with order and tradition

41
Q

Seel quote about religious sects

A

They were the true revolutionaries of the time as they represented social classes whose views were rarely heard in early modern period

42
Q

Smith quote about search for a settlement

A

Houses had won the war but they faced an array of problems trying to win the peace

43
Q

What was the solemn league and covenant

A 
1646
Charles required to swear it but refused
1/3 of clergy land to be sold
Houses control armed forces for 20 years
General pardon except those who signed death warrant
44
Q

Smith quote about the Windsor prayer meeting

A

It would be difficult to exaggerate the significance of the Windsor prayer meeting as it marked a crucial shift in the army’s objectives

45
Q

When was England declared a commonwealth

A

May 1649

46
Q

What did the rump do for those excluded in prides purge

A

Allow them to return to parliament

100-140 did so, outnumbering revolutionaries

47
Q

What did the scots do after the death of Charles I?

A

Declare his son Charles II king

48
Q

Why were the army dissatisfied with the rump?

A

Corrupt and self serving
Number of acts passed fell from 125 to 51 in 3 years
Failed to dissolve itself

49
Q

What did the rump do in terms of taxation

A

Increase the monthly assessment from £90,009 to £120,000 equivalent to 24 pre-war parliamentary subsidies

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