Breathing and respiration Flashcards
Pulmonary Artery
Blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Bronchi
Two tubes branching off the trachea, leading to the lungs
Bronchioles
Small branches of the bronchi ending in the alveoli
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels surrounding alveoli for gas exchange
Exchange Surfaces
Surfaces optimized for efficient gas and solute exchange
Thin Membrane
Reduces diffusion distance in exchange surfaces like alveoli
Large Surface Area
Facilitates increased substance diffusion in exchange surfaces
Exchange Surfaces
Surfaces optimized for efficient gas and solute exchange
Goblet Cells
Cells producing mucus to trap particles in airways
Blood Supply
Densely packed blood vessels around exchange surfaces for efficient exchange
Cilia Cells
Cells with hair-like structures to move mucus out of the airways
Ventilation
Breathing to maintain a high concentration gradient for gas exchange
Trachea
a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
Diaphragm
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathingand it also seperates the thorax from the rest of the body.
Ribs
The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs and ventilate.
intercoastal muscles
Muscles located in between the ribs that play a role in ventilation.
Pleural membrane
Thin moist membrane forming airtight seal around lungs.
Why do we need to breathe?
We breathe because we need to inhale Oxygen (for respiration) and remove the waste product Carbon Dioxide.
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What diffuses into the alveoli from blood and what diffuses out of it?
Carbon dioxide into, Oxygen into blood.
How much diffuses across?
50%
What does a bigger concentration difference do to the rate of diffusion?
It increases the rate of diffusion.
Give one feature about Nicotine
Very addictive, clogs arteries, constricts blood vessels.
What is the issue of a constricted blood vessel?
Little blood will be delivered to body parts and blood pressure will increase.
What is another name for constriction of blood vessel?
Vasoconstriction
What does tar do to the lungs?
Tar paralyses cilia which means the mucus gets trapped. This leads to more coughing to remove the mucus. Also, bacteria stays in the lungs.
What does soot do to the lungs?
Soot particles get trapped in the lungs, releasing white blood cells to remove them. These white blood cells are phagocytic and they will release enzymes which digest the alveoli walls.
What do carcinogens do?
Carcinogens cause mutations in DNA. If this isn’t destroyed, you can contract cancer.
What does CO from smoke do?
CO binds to haemglobin which reduces the body’s capability to carry oxygen.
What are the 2 types of respiration?
anaerobic and aerobic
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen from the air to release energy from glucose.
Equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose without using oxygen. This produces lactic acid. It also produces ethanol in plants and fungi.
Equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
glucose -> lactic acid
Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants
Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
What does exercise do to our heart rate and why?
Our heart rate is increased so that the heart can pump more blood to body parts.
What does exercise do to our breathing and why?
Our breaths get shorter and deeper so that we can inhale more oxygen and quicker.
What does exercise do to the rate of respiration and why?
The rate of respiration is increased so that we can produce more energy
What does the diaphragm do when you inhale?
The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
How do we breathe?
When we inhale, atmospheric pressure inside our lungs decreases, so air rushes in from the outside to make the atmospheric pressure the same. When we exhale, we increase pressure inside our body and hence air rushes out to even the pressure.
What happens to our ribs when we breathe in?
Our ribs move upwards and outwards
What happens to out intercostal muscles when we breathe in?
The intercostal muscles contract.
What happens to our diaphragm when we breathe out?
Relaxes and moves upwards
What happens to our ribs when we exhale?
Moves downwards and inwards
What happens to our intercostal muscles when we exhale?
The intercostal muscles relax
