Breathing And Exchange Surfaces Flashcards
Why are gas exchange systems needed?
To maintain metabolic activity and respiration
What features do exchange surfaces have?
Large SA:V
Thin walls
Permeable
Moist
What is the function of goblet cells?
To secrete mucus containing glycoproteins to protect cell surfaces
What is the function of ciliated epithelium?
To move mucus over cell surfaces
What is the function of cartilage?
To hold airway open preventing collapse
What shape is cartilage around the thorax?
C shaped
What is the function of smooth muscle?
They contract and relax
What is the function of smooth muscle?
They contract and relax
What is the function of elastic fibres?
To stretch and recoil during breathing
What happens during inhalation?
Ribs move up and out
Intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm is flat
Volume increases
Pressure decreases
What happens during exhalation?
Ribs move down and in
Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm is domed
Volume decreases
Pressure increases
What is peak flow?
Rate at which air can be expelled from the lungs
What is a vitalograph?
A graph that is produced by forced breathing per second
What is a spirometer?
A machine that measures breathing by breathing medical grade oxygen with soda lime to remove carbon dioxide which causes a bag to go up and down which produces the graph
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air exchanged in 1 breath
What is vital capacity?
Maximum amount of air that can be exchanged in one breath
How do you work out pulmonary ventilation?
Tidal volume × breathing rate
Describe how insects respire
Spiricles open to allow air into the trachea. The air then travels down into the tracheoles via tracheole fluid
This then moves straight onto the muscles
How do fish respire?
Mouth opens which lowers the buccal cavity. This increase volume and decreases pressure in the mouth. The buccal cavity closes which increases pressure, forcing water over the gills. Opperculum opens to let out water and the oxygen travels through the gill filaments and Gill lamelae
What is counter current flow?
The flow of water and blood is in oppersite directions to each other maintaining the diffusion gradient
