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BIOLOGY CLASS 11 > BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES > Flashcards

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES Flashcards

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1
Q

gaseous exchange in coelenterates

A

on the surface, respiratory organs are absent

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2
Q

what do earthworms use as respiratory organ

A

cuticle, thin moist vascular

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3
Q

insects like cockroach have ______ as respiratory organ

A

tracheal system

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4
Q

aquatic arthopods like unio( molluscs) , cray fish, prawn

A

Gills specialised vascularised structers

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5
Q

frogs respiration

A

buccal cavity and lungs

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6
Q

tadpole

A

use gills for respiration

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7
Q

eg of no well developed respiratory

A

sponges, cnidaria, flatworms

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8
Q

epithelium in the the cavities of the nasal chambers

A

pseudostartified, ciliated, columnar with neural epithelium

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9
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

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10
Q

types of pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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11
Q

nasopharynx

A

only air passes thru it

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12
Q

larynx is also called

A

sound box, made of cartilages

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13
Q

epiglottis is made up of

A

elastic cartilage

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14
Q

trachea extends to

A

mid thoracic cavity

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15
Q

where does it divide into primary and secondary bronchi

A

5th thoracic vetebrae

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16
Q

use of hyaline, cartilaginous rings

A

to prevent trachea from collapsing

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17
Q

membrane of alveoli

A

simple squamous

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18
Q

_____ is secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells , reducing the surface tension btw the fluid and air

A

LECTININ ( SURFACTANT )

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19
Q

space btw the the pleural membranes of the lungs is

A

pleural cavity

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20
Q

fluid in the cavity and its use

A

pleural fluid, to prevent friction

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21
Q

right lung is shorter than left by

A

2.5cm

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22
Q

why

A

to accomodate liver, raised diaphragm

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23
Q

which long has cardiac notch

A

left lung

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24
Q

which are the main sites of diffusion of gases 0=o2 and co2

A

alveoli

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25
Q

how many fissures does left lung and right lung have respectively

A

1 - left
2 - right

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26
Q

how many lobes of lungs is present

A

2 - left
3 - right

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27
Q

pulmanory ventilation

A

inhale air, expiring co2

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28
Q

cellular respiration

A

biochemical rkn, occurs in cell, co2, o2

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29
Q

use of conduction part of respiratory system

A
  • conducts air from nostrilis to bronchioles
  • clears the air, free from dust
  • bring down the temp of air
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30
Q

pressure of o2 is higher in atomospheric air or is it alveoli

A

atmospheric air

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30
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation of fresh air

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30
Q

insipration - diaphragm

A

flat and lowered down, increase the volume of thoracic cavity in antero posterior axis, , decreased pressure so air flow into

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30
Q

role of external intercoastal

A

contracts, so lift ribs and sternum up, volume of thoracic cavity in DORSO VENTRAL AXIS

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30
Q

flow of gas

A

from higher to lower pressure

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30
Q
A
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30
Q
A
30
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30
Q
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31
Q
A
31
Q

IC

A

total volume a person can inspire after normal expiration(TV + IRV)

31
Q
A
31
Q
A
31
Q
A
31
Q
A
31
Q

EC

A

total volume a person can expire after normal inspiration (TV + ERV)

32
Q

FRC

A

total volume remains after normal expiration ( ERV + RV)

33
Q

VC

A

max volume a person can breath in or out of after forceful expiration and forceful inspiration
ERV + IRV + TV

34
Q

TLC total lung capacity

A

RV + IRV + ERV + TV

35
Q

capacities which cannot be measured

A

FRC, RV, TLC

36
Q

Approx time for inspiration

A

2 sec

37
Q

approx for expiration

A

3 sec

38
Q

rate of respiration for infant

A

44

39
Q

Asthma

A

spasm of smooth muscles in bronchioles - wheezing, diff in breathing - inflammation ( redness or swelling of the bronchi)

40
Q

emphysema-

A

cigaratte smoking
- wall of alveoli is damaged loss of elasticity of walls
reduced sufrace area, sacs remain filled with air after expiration

41
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

disease by inhalation of silica dust asbestos ( mineral dust)
- silicosis ( silica)
- asbestosis ( asbesots)

42
Q

symptoms

A

serious lung damage. due to fibrosis ( damage to upper part of the lung) - proliferation of fibrous tissues
causing inflammation - redness ,swelling of lungs

43
Q

respiratory centre is located in

A

medulla oblongata and the pons

44
Q

composed of

A

respiratory rhythm center (RRC)
pneumotaxic center( PC)

45
Q

RRC

A
  • MEDULLA
  • cause the expiration and inspiration
46
Q

PC

A
  • PONS
  • alter the rate of respiration ( reduce the duration of inspiration)
  • strong signals from pneumotaxic center result in shallow and fast breathing
47
Q

how is the chemosensitive area affected

A
  • increased CO2 or H+ ions conc, alters the rate of respiration
48
Q

where is the co2 and h+ found

A

aortic bodies
carotid bodies - supplies the blood to the brain

49
Q

factors affecting diffusion

A
  • solubility inc. diffusion inc.
  • temp dec. diffusion inc.
  • partial pressure ( from higher to lower)
50
Q

2 sites of gaseous exchange

A
  • btw blood and alveoli
  • btw blood and tissue
51
Q

3 layers of diffusion membrane

A

thin squamous epithelium, endothelium lining, basement substance( btw the squamous and endothelium)

52
Q

thickness of diffusion membrane

A

0.2 to 0.3 micrometer

53
Q

P.P of O2 and for CO2 in atmospheric air and alveoli

A

159 and 104 in O2
0.3 and 40 in CO2

54
Q

primary site for exchange of gas

A

Alveoli

55
Q

how is o2 and co2 exchanged in our body

A

simple diffusion

56
Q

2 ways of transport of o2

A

in dissolved form
in the oxy-haemoglobin form

57
Q

single molecule of Hb carries how many molecule of o2

A

4

58
Q

where does o2 get dissociated after binding with Hb at the lung surface

A

tissues

59
Q

why

A

po2 decreases leading to unstable compound
- decrease in pH
- increase in acidity
- high temp

60
Q

capacity of 1g of Hb to combine with o2

A

is 1.34mL

61
Q

how much does it fall to in the venule

A

14.4

62
Q

% of Hb that is bound to O2

A

% saturation of Hb

63
Q

oxygen dissocation curve

A

sigmoid

64
Q

P.P at which Hb saturation is

A

50%

65
Q

what is the reason for curve shifting to the right(factors affecting the curve) and where does it occur

A

low PP of O2
high PP of CO2
High H+
High temp
Diphosphoglyceric acid inc.

  • in the body tissues
66
Q

reason for shift to left

A
  • in the alveoli
    high PP of O2
    low PP of CO2
    low H+
    low temp
67
Q

oxy haemoglobin curve for foetus

A

shift to left ( very high affinity for O2

68
Q

transport of co2

A

in dissolved form ( plasma)
bicarbonates
carbaminohaemoglobin

69
Q

70% of co2 is converted to

A

bicarbonate

70
Q

with the help of the enzyme

A

carbonic anhydrase

71
Q

what is chief cation in extracellular fluid

A

Na

72
Q

what is capacity of CO2 when delivered to alveoli

A

4ml of Co2 delivered alveoli by every deoxygenated

73
Q

% of O2 in the oxy haemoglobin form

A

97%

74
Q
A

BIOLOGY CLASS 11 (6 decks)

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