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BIOLOGY CLASS 11 > BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES > Flashcards

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES Flashcards

1
Q

gaseous exchange in coelenterates

A

on the surface, respiratory organs are absent

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2
Q

what do earthworms use as respiratory organ

A

cuticle, thin moist vascular

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3
Q

insects like cockroach have ______ as respiratory organ

A

tracheal system

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4
Q

aquatic arthopods like unio( molluscs) , cray fish, prawn

A

Gills specialised vascularised structers

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5
Q

frogs respiration

A

buccal cavity and lungs

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6
Q

tadpole

A

use gills for respiration

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7
Q

eg of no well developed respiratory

A

sponges, cnidaria, flatworms

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8
Q

epithelium in the the cavities of the nasal chambers

A

pseudostartified, ciliated, columnar with neural epithelium

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9
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

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10
Q

types of pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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11
Q

nasopharynx

A

only air passes thru it

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12
Q

larynx is also called

A

sound box, made of cartilages

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13
Q

epiglottis is made up of

A

elastic cartilage

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14
Q

trachea extends to

A

mid thoracic cavity

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15
Q

where does it divide into primary and secondary bronchi

A

5th thoracic vetebrae

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16
Q

use of hyaline, cartilaginous rings

A

to prevent trachea from collapsing

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17
Q

membrane of alveoli

A

simple squamous

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18
Q

_____ is secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells , reducing the surface tension btw the fluid and air

A

LECTININ ( SURFACTANT )

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19
Q

space btw the the pleural membranes of the lungs is

A

pleural cavity

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20
Q

fluid in the cavity and its use

A

pleural fluid, to prevent friction

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21
Q

right lung is shorter than left by

A

2.5cm

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22
Q

why

A

to accomodate liver, raised diaphragm

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23
Q

which long has cardiac notch

A

left lung

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24
Q

which are the main sites of diffusion of gases 0=o2 and co2

A

alveoli

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25
how many fissures does left lung and right lung have respectively
1 - left 2 - right
26
how many lobes of lungs is present
2 - left 3 - right
27
pulmanory ventilation
inhale air, expiring co2
28
cellular respiration
biochemical rkn, occurs in cell, co2, o2
29
use of conduction part of respiratory system
- conducts air from nostrilis to bronchioles - clears the air, free from dust - bring down the temp of air
30
pressure of o2 is higher in atomospheric air or is it alveoli
atmospheric air
30
inspiration
inhalation of fresh air
30
insipration - diaphragm
flat and lowered down, increase the volume of thoracic cavity in antero posterior axis, , decreased pressure so air flow into
30
role of external intercoastal
contracts, so lift ribs and sternum up, volume of thoracic cavity in DORSO VENTRAL AXIS
30
flow of gas
from higher to lower pressure
30
30
30
30
31
31
IC
total volume a person can inspire after normal expiration(TV + IRV)
31
31
31
31
31
EC
total volume a person can expire after normal inspiration (TV + ERV)
32
FRC
total volume remains after normal expiration ( ERV + RV)
33
VC
max volume a person can breath in or out of after forceful expiration and forceful inspiration ERV + IRV + TV
34
TLC total lung capacity
RV + IRV + ERV + TV
35
capacities which cannot be measured
FRC, RV, TLC
36
Approx time for inspiration
2 sec
37
approx for expiration
3 sec
38
rate of respiration for infant
44
39
Asthma
spasm of smooth muscles in bronchioles - wheezing, diff in breathing - inflammation ( redness or swelling of the bronchi)
40
emphysema-
cigaratte smoking - wall of alveoli is damaged loss of elasticity of walls reduced sufrace area, sacs remain filled with air after expiration
41
pneumoconiosis
disease by inhalation of silica dust asbestos ( mineral dust) - silicosis ( silica) - asbestosis ( asbesots)
42
symptoms
serious lung damage. due to fibrosis ( damage to upper part of the lung) - proliferation of fibrous tissues causing inflammation - redness ,swelling of lungs
43
respiratory centre is located in
medulla oblongata and the pons
44
composed of
respiratory rhythm center (RRC) pneumotaxic center( PC)
45
RRC
- MEDULLA - cause the expiration and inspiration
46
PC
- PONS - alter the rate of respiration ( reduce the duration of inspiration) - strong signals from pneumotaxic center result in shallow and fast breathing
47
how is the chemosensitive area affected
- increased CO2 or H+ ions conc, alters the rate of respiration
48
where is the co2 and h+ found
aortic bodies carotid bodies - supplies the blood to the brain
49
factors affecting diffusion
- solubility inc. diffusion inc. - temp dec. diffusion inc. - partial pressure ( from higher to lower)
50
2 sites of gaseous exchange
- btw blood and alveoli - btw blood and tissue
51
3 layers of diffusion membrane
thin squamous epithelium, endothelium lining, basement substance( btw the squamous and endothelium)
52
thickness of diffusion membrane
0.2 to 0.3 micrometer
53
P.P of O2 and for CO2 in atmospheric air and alveoli
159 and 104 in O2 0.3 and 40 in CO2
54
primary site for exchange of gas
Alveoli
55
how is o2 and co2 exchanged in our body
simple diffusion
56
2 ways of transport of o2
in dissolved form in the oxy-haemoglobin form
57
single molecule of Hb carries how many molecule of o2
4
58
where does o2 get dissociated after binding with Hb at the lung surface
tissues
59
why
po2 decreases leading to unstable compound - decrease in pH - increase in acidity - high temp
60
capacity of 1g of Hb to combine with o2
is 1.34mL
61
how much does it fall to in the venule
14.4
62
% of Hb that is bound to O2
% saturation of Hb
63
oxygen dissocation curve
sigmoid
64
P.P at which Hb saturation is
50%
65
what is the reason for curve shifting to the right(factors affecting the curve) and where does it occur
low PP of O2 high PP of CO2 High H+ High temp Diphosphoglyceric acid inc. - in the body tissues
66
reason for shift to left
- in the alveoli high PP of O2 low PP of CO2 low H+ low temp
67
oxy haemoglobin curve for foetus
shift to left ( very high affinity for O2
68
transport of co2
in dissolved form ( plasma) bicarbonates carbaminohaemoglobin
69
70% of co2 is converted to
bicarbonate
70
with the help of the enzyme
carbonic anhydrase
71
what is chief cation in extracellular fluid
Na
72
what is capacity of CO2 when delivered to alveoli
4ml of Co2 delivered alveoli by every deoxygenated
73
% of O2 in the oxy haemoglobin form
97%
74

BIOLOGY CLASS 11 (6 decks)

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